Intelligent electronic device and authentication method using message sent to intelligent electronic device

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are an Intelligent electronic device and authentication method using message sent to intelligent electronic device. The method of authenticating using a message transmitted to the intelligent electronic device comprises the steps of: receiving a first message from a first external device; learning the received first message and extracting characteristics on a user of the first external device based on the learned first message; generating a template for the user of the first external device modeled based on the extracted characteristics on the user of the first external device; receiving a second message from a second external device; determining whether a unique identifier of the first external device is the same as a unique identifier of the second external device; and comparing the second message with the template to determine whether the user of the first external device is the same person as the user of the second external device, when the unique identifier of the first external device is the same as the unique identifier of the second external device. Accordingly, the fraud of impersonating another person can be prevented. The method of authenticating using a message transmitted to the intelligent electronic device of the present disclosure may be associated with an artificial intelligence module, a drone, a robot, an augmented reality device, a virtual reality device, a device related to a 5G service, and the like.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is the National Phase of PCT International ApplicationNo. PCT/KR2019/006125, filed on May 22, 2019, which is hereby expresslyincorporated by reference into the present application.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an intelligent electronic device and amethod of authenticating using a message transmitted to the intelligentelectronic device, and more specifically, relates to the intelligentelectronic device and the method of authenticating using the messagesent to the intelligent electronic device to learn the person'scharacteristics (way of speaking, vocabulary, tone, etc.) by learning amessage or speech information of another person and to authenticate theactual party by comparing the characteristics previously known, when amessage or speech has been sent in the name of a person later.

BACKGROUND ART

In the conventional mobile terminal, a message or SNS may be stolen byanother person. For example, if the password of the SNS account is setthe same as the password used in other sites, the SNS account could bealso in danger if the information has already been hacked. For thisreason, the inconvenience of frequently changing the password occurred.

Alternatively, when the user's SNS account is logged in (used) due tothe loss or theft of the mobile terminal, the SNS account password waschanged after re-subscribing through phone number authentication. If theuser can not log in immediately, the inconvenience of contacting the SNShomepage directly and reporting the account theft, or dealing with theaccount lock occurred.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

An object of the present disclosure is to solve the above-mentionedneeds and/or problems.

In addition, an object of the present disclosure is to implement anintelligent electronic device and the method of authenticating using themessage sent to the intelligent electronic device to learn the person'scharacteristics (way of speaking, vocabulary, tone, etc.) by learning amessage or speech information of another person and to authenticate theactual party by comparing the characteristics previously known, when amessage or speech has been sent in the name of a person later.

Technical Solution

A method of authenticating using a message transmitted to theintelligent electronic device according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure comprises the steps of receiving a first message from a firstexternal device; learning the received first message and extractingcharacteristics on a user of the first external device based on thelearned first message; generating a template for the user of the firstexternal device modeled based on the extracted characteristics on theuser of the first external device; receiving a second message from asecond external device; determining whether a unique identifier of thefirst external device is the same as a unique identifier of the secondexternal device; and comparing the second message with the template todetermine whether the user of the first external device is the sameperson as the user of the second external device, when the uniqueidentifier of the first external device is the same as the uniqueidentifier of the second external device.

In addition, the method may comprise the step of generating an alarmnotification to a user of the intelligent electronic device, when theuser of the first external device is not the same as the user of thesecond external device.

In addition, the step of extracting characteristics on the user of thefirst external device may comprise collecting and extracting at leastone of a vocabulary, a special character and a word spacing used by theuser of the first external device, and way of speaking of the user ofthe first external device in the first message.

In addition, the step of extracting characteristics on the user of thefirst external device may comprise storing the first message or thecharacteristics of the user of the first external device at each of apredetermined time.

In addition, the step of generating the template modeled based on thecharacteristics on the user of the first external device may comprisegenerating or updating template after the first message and thecharacteristics of the user of the first external device is stored.

In addition, when the unique identifier of the first external device isnot the same as the unique identifier of the second external device, themethod may comprise learning the received second message and extractingcharacteristics of the user of the second external device based on thelearned second message to generate a template for the user of the secondexternal device.

In addition, A method of authenticating using a message transmitted tothe intelligent electronic device according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure comprises the steps of calling in a first speechusing the first external device; storing the first speech in a call tolearn the first speech, and extracting characteristics on a user of thefirst external device based on the learned first speech; generating atemplate for a user of the first external device modeled based on theextracted characteristics of the user of the first external device;calling in a second speech using a second external device; determiningwhether a unique identifier of the first external device is the same asa unique identifier of the second external device; and comparing thesecond speech with the template to determine whether the user of thefirst external device is the same person as the user of the secondexternal device, when the unique identifier of the first external deviceis the same as the unique identifier of the second external device.

In addition, the method may further comprise generating an alarmnotification to a user of the intelligent electronic device, when theuser of the first external device is not the same as the user of thesecond external device.

In addition, the step of extracting characteristics on the user of thefirst external device may comprises collecting and extracting at leastone of intonation, accent, tone and way of speaking of the user of thefirst external device in the first speech.

In addition, the step of extracting characteristics on the user of thefirst external device may comprise storing the first speech or thecharacteristics of the user of the first external device at each of apredetermined time.

In addition, the step of generating the template modeled based on thecharacteristics on the user of the first external device may comprisegenerating or updating the template after the first speech and thecharacteristics on the user of the first external device is stored.

In addition, when the unique identifier of the first external device isnot the same as the unique identifier of the second external device, themethod may comprise learning the called and stored second speech andextracting characteristics of the user of the second external devicebased on the learned second speech to generate a template for the userof the second external device.

In addition, an intelligent electronic device according to an embodimentof the present disclosure comprises a communication unit receiving afirst message of a user of a first external device or a second messageof a user of a second external device; a display unit displaying thefirst message or the second message received from communication unit;and a controller configured to: control learning the received firstmessage, and control extracting characteristics on a user of the firstexternal device based on the learned first message and generating atemplate modeled based on the characteristics on the user of the firstexternal device, wherein the controller may comprise controllingcomparing the second message with the template to determine whether theuser of the first external device is the same person as the user of thesecond external device, when the unique identifier of the first externaldevice is the same as the unique identifier of the second externaldevice.

In addition, the controller may comprise controlling providing an alarmnotification to a user of the intelligent electronic device, when theuser of the first external device is not the same as the user of thesecond external device.

In addition, the controller may comprise controlling collecting at leastone of a vocabulary, a special character and a word spacing used by theuser of the first external device, and way of speaking of the user ofthe first external device in the first message to extract thecharacteristics on the user of the first external device.

In addition, the controller may comprise controlling storing the firstmessage or the characteristics of the user of the first external deviceat each of a predetermined time.

In addition, the controller may comprise controlling generating orupdating the template is after the first message and the characteristicsof the user of the first external device are stored.

In addition, when the unique identifier of the first external device isnot the same as the unique identifier of the second external device, thecontroller may comprise controlling learning the received second messageand extracting characteristics on the user of the second external devicebased on the learned second message to generate a template for the userof the second external device.

In addition, an intelligent electronic device according to an embodimentof the present disclosure comprises a communication unit receiving afirst message of a user of a first external device or a second messageof a user of a second external device; and a controller configured to:control storing the first speech in a call to learn the first speech,extracting characteristics on a user of the first external device basedon the learned first speech, and generating a template modeled based onthe extracted characteristics of the user of the first external device,wherein the controller may comprise controlling comparing the secondspeech with the template to determine whether the user of the firstexternal device is the same person as the user of the second externaldevice, when the unique identifier of the first external device is thesame as the unique identifier of the second external device.

In addition, the controller may comprise controlling providing an alarmnotification to a user of the intelligent electronic device, when theuser of the first external device is not the same as the user of thesecond external device.

In addition, the controller may comprise controlling collecting at leastone of intonation, accent, tone and way of speaking of the user of thefirst external device in the first speech to extract the characteristicsof the first external device.

In addition, the controller may comprise controlling storing the firstspeech or the characteristics of the first external device at each of apredetermined time.

In addition, the controller may comprise controlling generating orupdating the template after the first speech and the characteristics ofthe first external device is stored.

In addition, when the unique identifier of the first external device isnot the same as the unique identifier of the second external device, thecontroller may comprise controlling learning the called and storedsecond speech and extracting characteristics on the user of the secondexternal device based on the learned second speech to generate atemplate for the user of the second external device.

Advantageous Effects

The method of authenticating using the intelligent electronic device andthe message transmitted to the intelligent electronic device accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure is to find out the person'scharacteristics (way of speaking, vocabulary, tone, etc.) by learning amessage or speech information of another person and to authenticate theactual party by comparing the characteristics previously known, when amessage or speech has been sent in the name of a person later, therebyhaving an effect of capable of preventing fraud that impersonates auser's acquaintance.

In addition, the method of authenticating using the message transmittedto the intelligent electronic device according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure has an effect of capable of preventing the actualimpersonation fraud through another person's account by extortinganother person's mobile phone or messenger account.

In addition, the method of authenticating using the intelligentelectronic device and the message transmitted to the intelligentelectronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosurehas the effect of preventing the impersonation fraud through anothersimilar accounts by learning a user's name or other person's name andhuman relation information (or contact information),

In addition, the method of authenticating using the intelligentelectronic device and the message transmitted to the intelligentelectronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosureis to find out the person's characteristics (way of speaking,vocabulary, tone, etc.) by learning a message or speech information ofanother person and to authenticate the actual party by comparing thecharacteristics previously known, when a message or speech has been sentin the name of a person later, thereby having an effect of capable ofsupplementing the disadvantages of the existing notification method ofthe overseas IP usage account which is disabled in case of the domesticIP usage account.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless communication system to whichthe methods proposed herein may be applied.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a basic operation of an user equipment and a5G network in a 5G communication system.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of application operation of an userequipment and a 5G network in a 5G communication system.

FIGS. 4 to 7 show an example of an operation of an user equipment using5G communication.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a 3GPP signaltransmission/reception method.

FIG. 9 illustrates an SSB structure and FIG. 10 illustrates SSBtransmission.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a random access procedure.

FIG. 12 shows an example of an uplink grant.

FIG. 13 shows an example of a conceptual diagram of uplink physicalchannel processing.

FIG. 14 shows an example of an NR slot in which a PUCCH is transmitted.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a transmitter and a receiver for hybridbeamforming

FIG. 16 shows an example of beamforming using an SSB and a CSI-RS.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a DL BM process usingan SSB.

FIG. 18 shows another example of DL BM process using a CSI-RS.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process ofdetermining a reception beam of a UE.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a transmission beamdetermining process of a BS.

FIG. 21 shows an example of resource allocation in time and frequencydomains related to an operation of FIG. 21.

FIG. 22 shows an example of a UL BM process using an SRS.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a UL BM process usingan SRS.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing an example of a method of indicating apre-emption.

FIG. 25 shows an example of a time/frequency set of pre-emptionindication.

FIG. 26 shows an example of a narrowband operation and frequencydiversity.

FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating physical channels that may be used forMTC and a general signal transmission method using the same.

FIG. 28 is a diagram illustrating an example of scheduling for each ofMTC and legacy LTE.

FIG. 29 shows an example of a frame structure when a subcarrier spacingis 15 kHz.

FIG. 30 shows an example of a frame structure when a subscriber spacingis 3.75 kHz.

FIG. 31 shows an example of a resource grid for NB-IoT uplink.

FIG. 32 shows an example of an NB-IoT operation mode.

FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating an example of physical channels thatmay be used for NB-IoT and a general signal transmission method usingthe same.

FIG. 34 is a block diagram for describing a mobile terminal according tothe present disclosure.

FIGS. 35 and 36 are conceptual diagrams viewed from different directionsfor an example of a mobile terminal related to the present disclosure.

FIG. 37 is a block diagram of an AI device according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a method of authenticating using amessage transmitted to an intelligent electronic device according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 39 is a diagram for describing an example of a method ofauthenticating using a message transmitted to an intelligent electronicdevice according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 40 is a diagram for describing extracting characteristics of a userof a first external device according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 41 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method of learningusing a message transmitted to an intelligent electronic deviceaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 42 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method ofauthenticating using a message transmitted to an intelligent electronicdevice according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 43 is a diagram for describing another example of a method ofauthenticating using a message transmitted to an intelligent electronicdevice according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 44 is a diagram for describing in detail a method of authenticatingusing a message transmitted to an intelligent electronic deviceaccording to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 45 is a diagram for describing a method of authenticating anotherperson by detecting an intonation of a user according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure.

MODE FOR INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the disclosure will be described in detailwith reference to the attached drawings. The same or similar componentsare given the same reference numbers and redundant description thereofis omitted. The suffixes “module” and “unit” of elements herein are usedfor convenience of description and thus may be used interchangeably anddo not have any distinguishable meanings or functions. Further, in thefollowing description, if a detailed description of known techniquesassociated with the present invention would unnecessarily obscure thegist of the present invention, detailed description thereof will beomitted. In addition, the attached drawings are provided for easyunderstanding of embodiments of the disclosure and do not limittechnical spirits of the disclosure, and the embodiments should beconstrued as including all modifications, equivalents, and alternativesfalling within the spirit and scope of the embodiments.

While terms, such as “first”, “second”, etc., may be used to describevarious components, such components must not be limited by the aboveterms. The above terms are used only to distinguish one component fromanother.

When an element is “coupled” or “connected” to another element, itshould be understood that a third element may be present between the twoelements although the element may be directly coupled or connected tothe other element. When an element is “directly coupled” or “directlyconnected” to another element, it should be understood that no elementis present between the two elements.

The singular forms are intended to include the plural forms as well,unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

In addition, in the specification, it will be further understood thatthe terms “comprise” and “include” specify the presence of statedfeatures, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orcombinations thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition ofone or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or combinations.

A. Example of Autonomous Vehicle and 5G Network

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless communication system to whichmethods proposed in the disclosure are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 1, a device including an autonomous driving module isdefined as a first communication device (910 of FIG. 1 and see paragraphN for detailed description), and a processor 911 may perform detailedautonomous driving operations.

Another vehicle or a 5G network communicating with the autonomousdriving device is defined as a second communication device (920 of FIG.1, and see paragraph N for details), and a processor 921 may performdetailed autonomous driving operations.

Details of a wireless communication system, which is defined asincluding a first communication device, which is an autonomous vehicle,and a second communication device, which is a 5G network, may refer toparagraph N.

B. AI Operation Using 5G Communication

FIG. 2 shows an example of a basic operation of a user equipment and a5G network in a 5G communication system.

The UE transmits the specific information transmission to the 5G network(S1).

Then, the 5G network performs 5G processing on the specific information(S2).

In this connection, the 5G processing may include AI processing.

Then, the 5G network transmits a response including the AI processingresult to the UE (S3).

FIG. 3 shows an example of application operation of a user terminal anda 5G network in a 5G communication system.

The UE performs an initial access procedure with the 5G network (S20).The initial connection procedure will be described in more detail inparagraph F.

Then, the UE performs a random access procedure with the 5G network(S21). The random access procedure will be described in more detail inparagraph G.

The 5G network transmits an UL grant for scheduling transmission ofspecific information to the UE (S22). The process of the UE receivingthe UL grant will be described in more detail in the ULtransmission/reception operation in paragraph H.

Then, the UE transmits specific information to the 5G network based onthe UL grant (S23).

Then, the 5G network performs 5G processing on the specific information(S24).

In this connection, the 5G processing may include AI processing.

Then, the 5G network transmits a DL grant for scheduling transmission ofthe 5G processing result of the specific information to the UE (S25).

Then, the 5G network transmits a response including the AI processingresult to the UE based on the DL grant (S26).

In FIG. 3, an example in which the AI operation and the initialconnection process, or the random access process and the DL grantreception process are combined with each other has been exemplarilydescribed using the S20 to S26. However, the present invention is notlimited thereto.

For example, the initial connection process and/or the random accessprocess may be performed using the process of S20, S22, S23, S24, andS24. In addition, the initial connection process and/or the randomaccess process may be performed using, for example, the process of S21,S22, S23, S24, and S26. Further, the AI operation and the downlink grantreception procedure may be combined with each other using the process ofS23, S24, S25, and S26.

C. UE Operation Using 5G Communication

FIG. 4 to FIG. 7 show an example of the operation of the UE using 5Gcommunication.

Referring first to FIG. 4, the UE performs an initial access procedurewith the 5G network based on SSB to obtain DL synchronization and systeminformation (S30).

Then, the UE performs a random access procedure with the 5G network forUL synchronization acquisition and/or UL transmission (S31).

Then, the UE receives an UL grant to the 5G network to transmit specificinformation (S32).

Then, the UE transmits the specific information to the 5G network basedon the UL grant (S33).

Then, the UE receives a DL grant for receiving a response to thespecific information from the 5G network (S34).

Then, the UE receives a response including the AI processing result fromthe 5G network based on the DL grant (S35).

A beam management (BM) process may be added to S30. A beam failurerecovery process may be added to S31. A quasi-co location relationshipmay be added to S32 to S35. A more detailed description thereof will bedescribed in more detail in paragraph I.

Next, referring to FIG. 5, the UE performs an initial access procedurewith the 5G network based on SSB to obtain DL synchronization and systeminformation (S40).

Then, the UE performs a random access procedure with the 5G network forUL synchronization acquisition and/or UL transmission (S41).

Then, the UE transmits the specific information to the 5G network basedon a configured grant (S42). A procedure for configuring the grant inplace of receiving the UL grant from the 5G network will be described inmore detail in paragraph H.

Then, the UE receives a DL grant for receiving a response to thespecific information from the 5G network (S43).

Then, the UE receives the response including the AI processing resultfrom the 5G network based on the DL grant (S44).

Next, referring to FIG. 6, the UE performs an initial access procedurewith the 5G network based on the SSB to obtain DL synchronization andsystem information (S50).

Then, the UE performs a random access procedure with the 5G network forUL synchronization acquisition and/or UL transmission (S51).

Then, the UE receives a DownlinkPreemption IE from the 5G network (S52).

The UE receives a DCI format 2_1 including a preamble indication fromthe 5G network based on the DownlinkPreemption IE (S53).

Then, the UE does not perform (or expect or assume) the reception of theeMBB data using a resource (PRB and/or OFDM symbol) indicated by thepre-emption indication (S54).

The operation related to the preemption indication is described in moredetail in paragraph J.

Then, the UE receives an UL grant to the 5G network to transmit thespecific information (S55).

Then, the UE transmits the specific information to the 5G network basedon the UL grant (S56).

Then, the UE receives a DL grant for receiving a response to thespecific information from the 5G network (S57).

Then, the UE receives a response including the AI processing result fromthe 5G network based on the DL grant (S58).

Next, referring to FIG. 7, the UE performs an initial access procedurewith the 5G network based on SSB to obtain DL synchronization and systeminformation (S60).

Then, the UE performs a random access procedure with the 5G network forUL synchronization acquisition and/or UL transmission (S61).

Then, the UE receives an UL grant to the 5G network to transmit thespecific information (S62).

The UL grant includes information on the number of repetitions oftransmission of the specific information. The specific information isrepeatedly transmitted based on the information on the repetition number(S63).

The UE transmits the specific information to the 5G network based on theUL grant.

Then, the iterative transmission of the specific information isperformed using the frequency hopping. The first transmission of thespecific information may be done using a first frequency resource, andthe second transmission of the specific information may be done using asecond frequency resource.

The specific information may be transmitted over a narrow band of 6RB(Resource Block) or 1RB (Resource Block).

Then, the UE receives a DL grant for receiving a response to thespecific information from the 5G network (S64).

Then, the UE receives a response including the AI processing result fromthe 5G network based on the DL grant (S65).

The mMTC described in FIG. 7 will be described in more detail in theparagraph K.

D. Introduction

Hereinafter, downlink (DL) refers to communication from a base station(BS) to user equipment (UE), and uplink (UL) refers to communicationfrom a UE to a BS. In the downlink, a transmitter may be part of the BSand a receiver may be part of the UE. In the uplink, a transmitter maybe part of the UE and a receiver may be part of the BS. Herein, the UEmay be represented as a first communication device and the BS may berepresented as a second communication device. The BS may be replacedwith a term such as a fixed station, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNB), anext generation nodeB (gNB), a base transceiver system (BTS), an accesspoint (AP), a network or a 5G (5th generation), artificial intelligence(AI) system, a road side unit (RSU), robot, and the like. Also, the UEmay be replaced with a terminal, a mobile station (MS), a user terminal(UT), a mobile subscriber station (MSS), a subscriber station (SS), anadvanced mobile station (AMS), a wireless terminal (WT), a machine-typecommunication (MTC) device, a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, adevice-to-device (D2D) device, a vehicle, a robot, an AI module, and thelike.

Techniques described herein may be used in a variety of wireless accesssystems such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency DivisionMultiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier FrequencyDivision Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), etc. CDMA may be implemented as aradio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) orCDMA2000. TDMA may be implemented as a radio technology such as GlobalSystem for Mobile communications (GSM)/General Packet Radio Service(GPRS)/Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA may beimplemented as a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Evolved-UTRA (E-UTRA) etc. UTRA is a partof Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a part ofEvolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using E-UTRA. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)/LTE-A pro is anevolution of 3GPP LTE. 3GPP NR NR(New Radio or New Radio AccessTechnology) is an evolution of 3GPP LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A pro.

For clarity, the following description focuses on a 3GPP communicationsystem (e.g., LTE-A, NR), but technical features of the presentinvention is not limited thereto. LTE refers to technology after 3GPP TS36.xxx Release 8. In detail, LTE technology after 3GPP TS 36.xxx Release10 is referred to as LTE-A, and LTE technology after 3GPP TS 36.xxxRelease 13 is referred to as LTE-A pro. 3GPP 5G (5th generation)technology refers to technology after TS 36.xxx Release 15 andtechnology after TS 38.XXX Release 15. The technology after TS 38.xxxRelease 15 may be referred to as 3GPP NR, and technology after TS 36.xxxRelease 15 may be referred to as enhanced LTE. “xxx” refers to astandard document detail number. LTE/NR may be collectively referred toas a 3GPP system.

In this disclosure, a node refers to a fixed point capable oftransmitting/receiving a radio signal through communication with a UE.Various types of BSs may be used as nodes irrespective of the termsthereof. For example, a BS, a node B (NB), an e-node B (eNB), apico-cell eNB (PeNB), a home eNB (HeNB), a relay, a repeater, etc. maybe a node. In addition, the node may not be a BS. For example, the nodemay be a radio remote head (RRH) or a radio remote unit (RRU). The RRHor RRU generally has a power level lower than a power level of a BS. Atleast one antenna is installed per node. The antenna may refer to aphysical antenna or refer to an antenna port, a virtual antenna, or anantenna group. A node may be referred to as a point.

In this specification, a cell refers to a prescribed geographical areato which one or more nodes provide a communication service. A “cell” ofa geographic region may be understood as coverage within which a nodecan provide a service using a carrier and a “cell” of a radio resourceis associated with bandwidth (BW) which is a frequency range configuredby the carrier. Since DL coverage, which is a range within which thenode is capable of transmitting a valid signal, and UL coverage, whichis a range within which the node is capable of receiving the validsignal from the UE, depends upon a carrier carrying the signal, coverageof the node may be associated with coverage of “cell” of a radioresource used by the node. Accordingly, the term “cell” may be used toindicate service coverage by the node sometimes, a radio resource atother times, or a range that a signal using a radio resource can reachwith valid strength at other times.

In this specification, communicating with a specific cell may refer tocommunicating with a BS or a node which provides a communication serviceto the specific cell. In addition, a DL/UL signal of a specific cellrefers to a DL/UL signal from/to a BS or a node which provides acommunication service to the specific cell. A node providing UL/DLcommunication services to a UE is called a serving node and a cell towhich UL/DL communication services are provided by the serving node isespecially called a serving cell. Furthermore, channel status/quality ofa specific cell refers to channel status/quality of a channel orcommunication link formed between a BS or node which provides acommunication service to the specific cell and a UE.

Meanwhile, a “cell” associated with radio resource may be defined as acombination of DL resources and UL resources, that is, a combination ofa DL component carrier (CC) and a UL CC. A cell may be configured to bea DL resource alone or a combination of DL resources and UL resources.If carrier aggregation is supported, a linkage between a carrierfrequency of a DL resource (or DL CC) and a carrier frequency of a ULresource (or UL CC) may be indicated by system information transmittedthrough a corresponding cell. Here, the carrier frequency may be thesame as or different from a center frequency of each cell or CC.Hereinafter, a cell operating at a primary frequency will be referred toas a primary cell (Pcell) or a PCC, and a cell operating at a secondaryfrequency will be referred to as a secondary cell (Scell) Or SCC. TheScell may be configured after the UE performs a radio resource control(RRC) connection establishment with the BS to establish an RRCconnection therebetween, that is, after the UE is RRC_CONNECTED. Here,RRC connection may refer to a channel through which an RRC of the UE andan RRC of the BS may exchange RRC messages with each other. The Scellmay be configured to provide additional radio resources to the UE.Depending on the capabilities of the UE, the Scell may form a set ofserving cells for the UE together with the Pcell. In the case of a UEwhich is in the RRC_CONNECTED state but is not configured in carrieraggregation or does not support carrier aggregation, there is only oneserving cell that is only configured as the Pcell.

Cells support unique wireless access technologies. For example,transmission/reception according to LTE radio access technology (RAT) isperformed on an LTE cell, and transmission/reception according to 5G RATis performed on a 5G cell.

A carrier aggregation (CA) system refers to a system for supporting awide bandwidth by aggregating a plurality of carriers each having anarrower bandwidth than a target bandwidth. A CA system is differentfrom OFDMA technology in that DL or UL communication is performed usinga plurality of carrier frequencies each of which forms a systembandwidth (or a channel bandwidth), whereas the OFDM system carries abase frequency band divided into a plurality of orthogonal subcarrierson a single carrier frequency to perform DL or UL communication. Forexample, in the case of OFDMA or orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM), one frequency band having a constant systembandwidth is divided into a plurality of subcarriers having a certainsubscriber spacing, and information/data is mapped in the plurality ofsubcarriers, and the frequency band to which the information/data ismapped is unconverted and transmitted as a carrier frequency of thefrequency band. In the case of wireless carrier aggregation, frequencybands having their own system bandwidth and carrier frequency may besimultaneously used for communication, and each frequency band used forcarrier aggregation may be divided into a plurality of subcarriershaving a predetermined subcarrier spacing.

The 3GPP-based communication standard defines DL physical channelscorresponding to resource elements carrying information derived from ahigher layer of a physical layer (e.g., a medium access control (MAC)layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, a packet data convergenceprotocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) layer, a servicedata adaptation protocol (SDAP), and a non-access stratum (NAS) layerand DL physical signals corresponding to resource elements which areused by a physical layer but which do not carry information derived froma higher layer. For example, a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH),a physical broadcast channel (PBCH), a physical multicast channel(PMCH), a physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), and aphysical downlink control channel (PDCCH) are defined as the DL physicalchannels, and a reference signal and a synchronization signal aredefined as the DL physical signals. A reference signal (RS), also calleda pilot, refers to a special waveform of a predefined signal known toboth a BS and a UE. For example, a cell-specific RS (CRS), a UE-specificRS, a positioning RS (PRS), channel state information RS (CSI-RS), and ademodulation reference signal (DMRS) may be defined as DL RSs.Meanwhile, the 3GPP-based communication standards define UL physicalchannels corresponding to resource elements carrying information derivedfrom a higher layer and UL physical signals corresponding to resourceelements which are used by a physical layer but which do not carryinformation derived from a higher layer. For example, a physical uplinkshared channel (PUSCH), a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), and aphysical random access channel (PRACH) are defined as the UL physicalchannels, and a demodulation reference signal (DM RS) for a ULcontrol/data signal and a sounding reference signal (SRS) used for ULchannel measurement are defined as the UL physical signals.

In this specification, a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and aphysical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may refer to a set of atime-frequency resources or a set of resource elements carrying downlinkcontrol information (DCI) and downlink data, respectively. In addition,a physical uplink control channel, a physical uplink shared channel(PUSCH), and a physical random access channel refer to a set of atime-frequency resources or a set of resource elements carrying uplinkcontrol information (UCI), uplink data and random access signals,respectively. Hereinafter, UE's transmitting an uplink physical channel(e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, or PRACH) means transmitting UCI, uplink data, or arandom access signal on the corresponding uplink physical channel orthrough then uplink physical channel. BS's receiving an uplink physicalchannel may refer to receiving DCI, uplink data, or random access signalon or through the uplink physical channel. BS's transmitting a downlinkphysical channel (e.g., PDCCH and PDSCH) has the same meaning astransmitting DCI or downlink data on or through the correspondingdownlink physical channel. UE's receiving a downlink physical channelmay refer to receiving DCI or downlink data on or through thecorresponding downlink physical channel.

In this specification, a transport block is a payload for a physicallayer. For example, data given to a physical layer from an upper layeror a medium access control (MAC) layer is basically referred to as atransport block.

In this specification, HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat and reQuest) is akind of error control method. HARQ-acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK)transmitted through the downlink is used for error control on uplinkdata, and HARQ-ACK transmitted on the uplink is used for error controlon downlink data. A transmitter that performs the HARQ operationtransmits data (e.g., a transport block, a codeword) and waits for anacknowledgment (ACK). A receiver that performs the HARQ operation sendsan acknowledgment (ACK) only when data is properly received, and sends anegative acknowledgment (NACK) if an error occurs in the received data.The transmitter may transmit (new) data if ACK is received, andretransmit data if NACK is received. After the BS transmits schedulinginformation and data according to the scheduling information, a timedelay occurs until the ACK/NACK is received from the UE andretransmission data is transmitted. This time delay occurs due tochannel propagation delay and a time taken for data decoding/encoding.Therefore, when new data is sent after the current HARQ process isfinished, a blank space occurs in the data transmission due to the timedelay. Therefore, a plurality of independent HARQ processes are used toprevent generation of the blank space in data transmission during thetime delay period. For example, if there are seven transmissionoccasions between an initial transmission and retransmission, thecommunication device may operate seven independent HARQ processes toperform data transmission without a blank space. Utilizing the pluralityof parallel HARQ processes, UL/DL transmissions may be performedcontinuously while waiting for HARQ feedback for a previous UL/DLtransmission.

In this specification, channel state information (CSI) refers toinformation indicating quality of a radio channel (or a link) formedbetween a UE and an antenna port. The CSI may include at least one of achannel quality indicator (CQI), a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), aCSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), an SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), alayer indicator (LI), a rank indicator (RI), or a reference signalreceived power (RSRP).

In this specification, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) may referto transmission/reception of signals/channels/users at differentfrequency resources, and time division multiplexing (TDM) may refer totransmission/reception of signals/channels/users at different timeresources.

In the present invention, a frequency division duplex (FDD) refers to acommunication scheme in which uplink communication is performed on anuplink carrier and downlink communication is performed on a downlinkcarrier wave linked to the uplink carrier, and time division duplex(TDD) refers to a communication scheme in which uplink and downlinkcommunications are performed by dividing time on the same carrier.

For background information, terms, abbreviations, etc. used in thepresent specification, may refer to those described in standarddocuments published before the present invention. For example, thefollowing document may be referred:

3GPP LTE

-   -   3GPP TS 36.211: Physical channels and modulation    -   3GPP TS 36.212: Multiplexing and channel coding    -   3GPP TS 36.213: Physical layer procedures    -   3GPP TS 36.214: Physical layer; Measurements    -   3GPP TS 36.300: Overall description    -   3GPP TS 36.304: User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode    -   3GPP TS 36.314: Layer 2—Measurements    -   3GPP TS 36.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol    -   3GPP TS 36.322: Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol    -   3GPP TS 36.323: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)    -   3GPP TS 36.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol    -   3GPP TS 23.303: Proximity-based services (Prose); Stage 2    -   3GPP TS 23.285: Architecture enhancements for V2X services    -   3GPP TS 23.401: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements        for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)        access    -   3GPP TS 23.402: Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses    -   3GPP TS 23.286: Application layer support for V2X services;        Functional architecture and information flows    -   3GPP TS 24.301: Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for Evolved        Packet System (EPS); Stage 3    -   3GPP TS 24.302: Access to the 3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via        non-3GPP access networks; Stage 3    -   3GPP TS 24.334: Proximity-services (ProSe) User Equipment (UE)        to ProSe function protocol aspects; Stage 3    -   3GPP TS 24.386: User Equipment (UE) to V2X control function;        protocol aspects;        Stage 3

3GPP NR

-   -   3GPP TS 38.211: Physical channels and modulation    -   3GPP TS 38.212: Multiplexing and channel coding    -   3GPP TS 38.213: Physical layer procedures for control    -   3GPP TS 38.214: Physical layer procedures for data    -   3GPP TS 38.215: Physical layer measurements    -   3GPP TS 38.300: NR and NG-RAN Overall Description    -   3GPP TS 38.304: User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and        in RRC inactive state    -   3GPP TS 38.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol    -   3GPP TS 38.322: Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol    -   3GPP TS 38.323: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)    -   3GPP TS 38.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol    -   3GPP TS 37.324: Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP)    -   3GPP TS 37.340: Multi-connectivity; Overall description    -   3GPP TS 23.287: Application layer support for V2X services;        Functional architecture and information flows    -   3GPP TS 23.501: System Architecture for the 5G System    -   3GPP TS 23.502: Procedures for the 5G System    -   3GPP TS 23.503: Policy and Charging Control Framework for the 5G        System; Stage 2    -   3GPP TS 24.501: Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) protocol for 5G System        (5GS); Stage 3    -   3GPP TS 24.502: Access to the 3GPP 5G Core Network (5GCN) via        non-3GPP access networks    -   3GPP TS 24.526: User Equipment (UE) policies for 5G System        (5GS); Stage 3

E. 3GPP Signal Transmission/Reception Method

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a 3GPP signaltransmission/reception method.

Referring to FIG. 8, when a UE is powered on or enters a new cell, theUE performs an initial cell search operation such as synchronizationwith a BS (S201). For this operation, the UE can receive a primarysynchronization channel (P-SCH) and a secondary synchronization channel(S-SCH) from the BS to synchronize with the BS and acquire informationsuch as a cell ID. In LTE and NR systems, the P-SCH and S-SCH arerespectively called a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and asecondary synchronization signal (SSS). The initial cell searchprocedure is described in detail in paragraph F. below.

After initial cell search, the UE can acquire broadcast information inthe cell by receiving a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) from the BS.Further, the UE can receive a downlink reference signal (DL RS) in theinitial cell search step to check a downlink channel state.

After initial cell search, the UE can acquire more detailed systeminformation by receiving a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)according to a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and informationincluded in the PDCCH (S202).

Meanwhile, when the UE initially accesses the BS or has no radioresource for signal transmission, the UE can perform a random accessprocedure (RACH) for the BS (steps S203 to S206). To this end, the UEcan transmit a specific sequence as a preamble through a physical randomaccess channel (PRACH) (S203 and S205) and receive a random accessresponse (RAR) message for the preamble through a PDCCH and acorresponding PDSCH (S204 and S206). In the case of a contention-basedRACH, a contention resolution procedure may be additionally performed.The random access procedure is described in detail in paragraph G.below.

After the UE performs the above-described process, the UE can performPDCCH/PDSCH reception (S207) and physical uplink shared channel(PUSCH)/physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission (S208) asnormal uplink/downlink signal transmission processes. Particularly, theUE receives downlink control information (DCI) through the PDCCH

The UE monitors a set of PDCCH candidates in monitoring occasions setfor one or more control element sets (CORESET) on a serving cellaccording to corresponding search space configurations. A set of PDCCHcandidates to be monitored by the UE is defined in terms of search spacesets, and a search space set may be a common search space set or aUE-specific search space set. CORESET includes a set of (physical)resource blocks having a duration of one to three OFDM symbols. Anetwork can configure the UE such that the UE has a plurality ofCORESETs. The UE monitors PDCCH candidates in one or more search spacesets. Here, monitoring means attempting decoding of PDCCH candidate(s)in a search space. When the UE has successfully decoded one of PDCCHcandidates in a search space, the UE determines that a PDCCH has beendetected from the PDCCH candidate and performs PDSCH reception or PUSCHtransmission on the basis of DCI in the detected PDCCH.

The PDCCH can be used to schedule DL transmissions over a PDSCH and ULtransmissions over a PUSCH. Here, the DCI in the PDCCH includes downlinkassignment (i.e., downlink grant (DL grant)) related to a physicaldownlink shared channel and including at least a modulation and codingformat and resource allocation information, or an uplink grant (ULgrant) related to a physical uplink shared channel and including amodulation and coding format and resource allocation information.

F. Initial Access (IA) Process

Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) Transmission and Related Operation

FIG. 9 illustrates an SSB structure. The UE can perform cell search,system information acquisition, beam alignment for initial access, andDL measurement on the basis of an SSB. The SSB is interchangeably usedwith a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) bloc.

Referring to FIG. 9, the SSB includes a PSS, an SSS and a PBCH. The SSBis configured in four consecutive OFDM symbols, and a PSS, a PBCH, anSSS/PBCH or a PBCH is transmitted for each OFDM symbol. Each of the PSSand the SSS includes one OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers, and the PBCHincludes 3 OFDM symbols and 576 subcarriers. The PBCH is encoded/decodedon the basis of a polar code and modulated/demodulated according toquadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). The PBCH in the OFDM symbolincludes data resource elements (REs) to which a complex modulationvalue of a PBCH is mapped and DMRS REs to which a demodulation referencesignal (DMRS) for the PBCH is mapped. There are three DMRS REs perresource block of the OFDM symbol, and there are three data REs betweenthe DMRS REs.

Cell Search

Cell search refers to a process in which a UE acquires time/frequencysynchronization of a cell and detects a cell identifier (ID) (e.g.,physical layer cell ID (PCI)) of the cell. The PSS is used to detect acell ID in a cell ID group and the SSS is used to detect a cell IDgroup. The PBCH is used to detect an SSB (time) index and a half-frame.

The cell search procedure of the UE may be summarized as shown in Table1 below.

TABLE 1 Type of Signals Operations 1st step PSS * SS/PBCH block (SSB)symbol timing acquisition * Cell ID detection within a cell ID group(3hypothesis) 2nd Step SSS * Cell ID group detection (336 hypothesis) 3rdStep PBCH * SSB index and Half frame (HF) index DMRS (Slot and frameboundary detection) 4th Step PBCH * Time information (80 ms, SystemFrame Number (SFN), SSB index, HF) * Remaining Minimum SystemInformation (RMSI) Control resource set (CORESET)/ Search spaceconfiguration 5th Step PDCCH and * Cell access information PDSCH * RACHconfiguration

There are 336 cell ID groups and there are 3 cell IDs per cell ID group.A total of 1008 cell IDs are present. Information on a cell ID group towhich a cell ID of a cell belongs is provided/acquired through an SSS ofthe cell, and information on the cell ID among 336 cell ID groups isprovided/acquired through a PSS.

FIG. 10 illustrates SSB transmission.

The SSB is periodically transmitted in accordance with SSB periodicity.A default SSB periodicity assumed by a UE during initial cell search isdefined as 20 ms. After cell access, the SSB periodicity can be set toone of {5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, 80 ms, 160 ms} by a network (e.g., aBS). An SSB burst set is configured at a start portion of the SSBperiod. The SSB burst set includes a 5 ms time window (i.e.,half-frame), and the SSB may be transmitted up to N times within the SSburst set. The maximum transmission number L of the SSB may be given asfollows according to a frequency band of a carrier wave. One slotincludes a maximum of two SSBs.

-   -   For frequency range up to 3 GHz, L=4    -   For frequency range from 3 GHz to 6 GHz, L=8    -   For frequency range from 6 GHz to 52.6 GHz, L=64

A time position of an SSB candidate in the SS burst set may be definedaccording to a subscriber spacing. The SSB candidate time position isindexed from 0 to L−1 (SSB index) in time order within the SSB burst set(i.e., half-frame).

A plurality of SSBs may be transmitted within a frequency span of acarrier wave. Physical layer cell identifiers of these SSBs need not beunique, and other SSBs may have different physical layer cellidentifiers.

The UE may acquire the DL synchronization by detecting the SSB. The UEmay identify a structure of the SSB burst set on the basis of thedetected SSB (time) index and thus detect a symbol/slot/half-frameboundary. The number of the frame/half-frame to which the detected SSBbelongs may be identified using system frame number (SFN) informationand half-frame indication information.

Specifically, the UE may acquire a 10-bit SFN for a frame to which thePBCH belongs from the PBCH. Next, the UE may acquire 1-bit half-frameindication information. For example, if the UE detects a PBCH with ahalf-frame indication bit set to 0, it may determine that the SSB, towhich the PBCH belongs, belongs to a first half-frame in the frame, andif the UE detects a PBCH with a half-frame indication bit set to 1, itmay determine that the SSB, to which the PBCH belongs, belongs to asecond half-frame in the frame. Finally, the UE may acquire an SSB indexof the SSB to which the PBCH belongs on the basis of a DMRS sequence andPBCH payload carried by the PBCH.

Acquisition of System Information (SI)

SI is divided into a master information block (MIB) and a plurality ofsystem information blocks (SIBs). The SI other than the MIB may bereferred to as remaining minimum system information (RMSI). Detailsthereof may be referred to the following:

-   -   The MIB includes information/parameters for monitoring the PDCCH        scheduling PDSCH carrying system information block1 (SIB1) and        is transmitted by the BS through the PBCH of the SSB. For        example, the UE may check whether a control resource set        (CORESET) exists for the Type 0-PDCCH common search space on the        basis of the MIB. The Type 0-PDCCH common search space is a kind        of PDCCH search space and is used to transmit a PDCCH for        scheduling an SI message. If the Type 0-PDCCH common search        space is present, the UE may determine (i) a plurality of        contiguous resource blocks and one or more consecutive resource        blocks constituting a CORESET on the basis of information in the        MIB (e.g., pdcch-ConfigSIB1) and (ii) a PDCCH occasion (e.g.,        time domain position for PDCCH reception). If no Type 0-PDCCH        common search space exists, pdcch-ConfigSIB1 provides        information on a frequency location where SSB/SIB1 exists and        information on a frequency range where SSB/SIB1 does not exist.    -   SIB1 includes information related to availability and scheduling        (e.g., transmission periodicity and SI-window size) of the        remaining SIBs (hereinafter, SIBx, x is an integer equal to or        greater than 2). For example, SIB1 may indicate whether the SIBx        is periodically broadcast or provided according to a request        from the UE on an on-demand basis. If SIBx is provided on the        on-demand basis, SIB1 may include information necessary for the        UE to perform the SI request. The SIB1 is transmitted through        the PDSCH, the PDCCH for scheduling the SIB1 is transmitted        through the Type 0-PDCCH common search space, and the SIB1 is        transmitted through the PDSCH indicated by the PDCCH.    -   The SIBx is included in the SI message and transmitted via the        PDSCH. Each SI message is transmitted within a time window        (i.e., SI-window) that occurs periodically.

G. Random Access Procedure

The random access procedure of the UE may be summarized as shown inTable 2 and FIG. 11.

TABLE 2 Signal type Acquired operation/information First PRACHpreamble * Acquire initial beam step in UL * Random selection of randomaccess preamble ID Second Random access * Timing advance informationstep response on * Random access preamble ID PDSCH * Initial UL grant,temporary C-RNTI Third UL transmission * RRC connection request step onPUSCH * UE identifier Fourth Contention * Temporary C-RNTI on PDCCH forstep resolution on DL initial access * C-RNTI on PDCCH for RRC_CONNECTEDUE

The random access procedure is used for various purposes. For example,the random access procedure can be used for network initial access,handover, and UE-triggered UL data transmission. A UE can acquire ULsynchronization and UL transmission resources through the random accessprocedure. The random access procedure is classified into acontention-based random access procedure and a contention-free randomaccess procedure.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a random access procedure. Inparticular, FIG. 11 illustrates a contention-based random accessprocedure.

First, a UE can transmit a random access preamble through a PRACH asMsg1 of a random access procedure in UL.

Random access preamble sequences having different two lengths aresupported. A long sequence length 839 is applied to subcarrier spacingsof 1.25 kHz and 5 kHz and a short sequence length 139 is applied tosubcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz and 120 kHz.

Multiple preamble formats are defined by one or more RACH OFDM symbolsand different cyclic prefixes (and/or guard time). RACH configurationfor a cell is included in the system information of the cell and isprovided to the UE. The RACH configuration includes information on asubcarrier spacing of the PRACH, available preambles, preamble format,and the like. The RACH configuration includes association informationbetween SSBs and RACH (time-frequency) resources. The UE transmits arandom access preamble in the RACH time-frequency resource associatedwith the detected or selected SSB.

A threshold value of the SSB for the RACH resource association may beset by the network, and RACH preamble is transmitted or retransmitted onthe basis of the SSB in which reference signal received power (RSRP)measured on the basis of the SSB satisfies the threshold value. Forexample, the UE may select one of the SSB (s) satisfying the thresholdvalue and may transmit or retransmit the RACH preamble on the basis ofthe RACH resource associated with the selected SSB.

When a BS receives the random access preamble from the UE, the BStransmits a random access response (RAR) message (Msg2) to the UE. APDCCH that schedules a PDSCH carrying a RAR is CRC masked by a randomaccess (RA) radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) (RA-RNTI) andtransmitted. Upon detection of the PDCCH masked by the RA-RNTI, the UEcan receive a RAR from the PDSCH scheduled by DCI carried by the PDCCH.The UE checks whether the RAR includes random access responseinformation with respect to the preamble transmitted by the UE, that is,Msg1. Presence or absence of random access information with respect toMsg1 transmitted by the UE can be determined according to presence orabsence of a random access preamble ID with respect to the preambletransmitted by the UE. If there is no response to Msg1, the UE canretransmit the RACH preamble less than a predetermined number of timeswhile performing power ramping. The UE calculates PRACH transmissionpower for preamble retransmission on the basis of most recent pathlossand a power ramping counter.

When the random access response information includes timing advanceinformation for UL synchronization and an UL grant, and when a temporaryUE receives a random response information regarding the UE itself on thePDSCH, the UE may know timing advance information for ULsynchronization, an initial UL grant, and a UE temporary cell RNTI (cellRNTI, C-RNTI). The timing advance information is used to control uplinksignal transmission timing. In order to ensure that the PUSCH/PUCCHtransmission by the UE is better aligned with the subframe timing at anetwork end, the network (e.g. BS) may measure a time difference betweenthe PUSCH/PUCCH/SRS reception and subframes and send timing advanceinformation on the basis of the time difference. The UE can perform ULtransmission through Msg3 of the random access procedure over a physicaluplink shared channel on the basis of the random access responseinformation. Msg3 can include an RRC connection request and a UE ID. Thenetwork can transmit Msg4 as a response to Msg3, and Msg4 can be handledas a contention resolution message on DL. The UE can enter an RRCconnected state by receiving Msg4.

Meanwhile, the contention-free random access procedure may be performedwhen the UE performs handover to another cell or BS or when thecontention-free random access procedure is requested by a BS command. Abasic process of the contention-free random access procedure is similarto the contention-based random access procedure. However, unlike thecontention-based random access procedure in which the UE randomlyselects a preamble to be used among a plurality of random accesspreambles, in the case of the contention-free random access procedure, apreamble (hereinafter referred to as a dedicated random access preamble)to be used by the UE is allocated by the BS to the UE. Information onthe dedicated random access preamble may be included in an RRC message(e.g., a handover command) or may be provided to the UE via a PDCCHorder. When the random access procedure is started, the UE transmits adedicated random access preamble to the BS. When the UE receives therandom access procedure from the BS, the random access procedure iscompleted.

As mentioned above, the UL grant in the RAR schedules PUSCH transmissionto the UE. The PUSCH carrying initial UL transmission based on the ULgrant in the RAR will be referred to as Msg3 PUSCH. The content of theRAR UL grant starts at an MSB and ends at a LSB and is given in Table 3.

TABLE 3 RAR UL grant field Number of bits Frequency hopping flag 1 Msg3PUSCH frequency resource allocation 12 Msg3 PUSCH time resourceallocation 4 Modulation and coding scheme (MCS) 4 Transmit power control(TPC) for Msg3 PUSCH 3 CSI request 1

The TPC command is used to determine transmission power of the Msg3PUSCH and is interpreted, for example, according to Table 4.

TABLE 4 TPC command value [dB] 0 −6 1 −4 2 −2 3 0 4 2 5 4 6 6 7 8

In the contention-free random access procedure, the CSI request field inthe RAR UL grant indicates whether the UE includes an aperiodic CSIreport in the corresponding PUSCH transmission. A subcarrier spacing forthe Msg3 PUSCH transmission is provided by an RRC parameter. The UE willtransmit the PRACH and Msg3 PUSCH on the same uplink carrier of the sameservice providing cell. A UL BWP for Msg3 PUSCH transmission isindicated by SIB1 (SystemInformationBlock1).

H. DL and UL Transmitting/Receiving Operations

DL Transmitting/Receiving Operation

A downlink grant (also referred to as a downlink assignment) may bedivided into (1) dynamic grant and (2) configured grant. The dynamicgrant, which is intended to maximize resource utilization, refers to amethod of data transmission/reception on the basis of dynamic schedulingby the BS.

The BS schedules downlink transmission through a DCI. The UE receives onthe PDCCH the DCI for downlink scheduling (i.e., including schedulinginformation of the PDSCH) from the BS. DCI format 1_0 or 1_1 may be usedfor downlink scheduling. The DCI format 1_1 for downlink scheduling mayinclude, for example, the following information: an identifier for DCIformat, a bandwidth part indicator, a frequency domain resourceassignment, time domain resource assignment, MCS.

The UE may determine a modulation order, a target code rate, and atransport block size for the PDSCH on the basis of the MCS field in theDCI. The UE may receive the PDSCH in time-frequency resource accordingto frequency domain resource allocation information and time domainresource allocation information.

The DL grant is also referred to as semi-persistent scheduling (SPS).The UE may receive an RRC message including a resource configuration fortransmission of DL data from the BS. In the case of the DL SPS, anactual DL configured grant is provided by the PDCCH and is activated ordeactivated by the PDCCH. If the DL SPS is configured, at least thefollowing parameters are provided to the UE via RRC signaling from theBS: a configured scheduling RNTI (CS-RNTI) for activation, deactivationand retransmission; and cycle. The actual DL grant of the DL SPS isprovided to the UE by the DCI in the PDCCH addressed to the CS-RNTI. TheUE activates an SPS associated with the CS-RNTI if specific fields ofthe DCI in the PDCCH addressed to the CS-RNTI are set to specific valuesfor scheduling activation. The UE may receive downlink data through thePDSCH on the basis of the SPS.

UL Transmitting/Receiving Operation

The BS transmits a DCI including uplink scheduling information to theUE. The UE receives on the PDCCH the DCI for uplink scheduling (i.e.,including scheduling information of the PUSCH) from the BS. DCI format0_0 or 0_1 may be used for uplink scheduling. The DCI format 0_1 foruplink scheduling may include the following information: an identifierfor DCI format, a bandwidth part indicator, a frequency domain resourceassignment, a time domain resource assignment, MCS.

The UE transmits uplink data on the PUSCH on the basis of the DCI. Forexample, when the UE detects the PDCCH including the DCI format 0_0 or0_1, the UE transmits the PUSCH according to an instruction based on theDCI. Two transmission schemes are supported for PUSCH transmission:codebook-based transmission and non-codebook-based transmission.

When an RRC parameter ‘txConfig’ receives an RRC message set to‘codebook’, the UE is configured to a codebook-based transmission.Meanwhile, when an RRC message in which the RRC parameter ‘txConfig’ isset to ‘nonCodebook’ is received, the UE is configured to anon-codebook-based transmission. The PUSCH may be semi-staticallyscheduled by the DCI format 0_0, by the DCI format 0_1, or by RRCsignaling.

The uplink grant may be divided into (1) a dynamic grant and (2) aconfigured grant.

FIG. 12 shows an example of an uplink grant. FIG. 12(a) illustrates anUL transmission process based on the dynamic grant, and FIG. 12(b)illustrates an UL transmission process based on the configured grant.

A dynamic grant, which is to maximize utilization of resources, refersto a data transmission/reception method based on dynamic scheduling by aBS. This means that when the UE has data to be transmitted, the UErequests uplink resource allocation from the BS and transmits the datausing only uplink resource allocated by the BS. In order to use theuplink radio resource efficiently, the BS must know how much data eachUE transmits on the uplink. Therefore, the UE may directly transmitinformation on uplink data to be transmitted to the BS, and the BS mayallocate uplink resources to the UE on the basis of the information. Inthis case, the information on the uplink data transmitted from the UE tothe BS is referred to as a buffer status report (BSR), and the BSRrelates to the amount of uplink data stored in a buffer of the UE.

Referring to FIG. 12(a), an uplink resource allocation process foractual data when the UE does not have an uplink radio resource availablefor transmission of the BSR is illustrated. For example, since the UEwhich does not have a UL grant cannot available for UL data transmissioncannot transmit the BSR through a PUSCH, the UE must request resourcefor uplink data must by starting transmission of a scheduling requestvia a PUCCH, and in this case, an uplink resource allocation process offive steps is used.

Referring to FIG. 12(a), if there is no PUSCH resource for transmittinga BSR, the UE first transmits a scheduling request (SR) to the BS inorder to be allocated a PUSCH resource. The SR is used by the UE torequest the BS for PUSCH resources for uplink transmission when areporting event occurs but there is no PUSCH resource available to theUE. Depending on whether there is a valid PUCCH resource for the SR, theUE transmits the SR via the PUCCH or initiates a random accessprocedure. When the UE receives the UL grant from the BS, it transmitsthe BSR to the BS via the PUSCH resource allocated by the UL grant. TheBS checks the amount of data to be transmitted by the UE on the uplinkon the basis of the BSR and transmits a UL grant to the UE. The UEreceiving the UL grant transmits actual uplink data to the BS throughthe PUSCH on the basis of the UL grant.

Referring to FIG. 12(b), the UE receives an RRC message including aresource configuration for transmission of UL data from the BS. Thereare two types of UL-configured grants in the NR system: Type 1 and Type2. In the case of UL-configured grant type 1, an actual UL grant (e.g.,time resource, frequency resource) is provided by RRC signaling, and inthe case of Type 2, an actual UL grant is provided by the PDCCH and isactivated or deactivated by the PDCCH. If the grant type 1 isconfigured, at least the following parameters are provided to the UE viaRRC signaling from the BS: CS-RNTI for retransmission; periodicity ofthe configured grant type 1; information about a start symbol index Sand a symbol length L for an intra-slot PUSCH; time domain offsetrepresenting an offset of the resource for SFN=0 in the time domain; MCSindex indicating modulation order, target code rate, and transport blocksize. If the grant type 2 is configured, at least the followingparameters are provided to the UE via RRC signaling from the BS: CS-RNTIfor activation, deactivation and retransmission; periodicity ofconfigured grant type 2. The actual UL grant of the configured granttype 2 is provided to the UE by the DCI in the PDCCH addressed to theCS-RNTI. If the specific fields of the DCI in the PDCCH addressed to theCS-RNTI are set to a specific value for scheduling activation, the UEactivates the configured grant type 2 associated with the CS-RNTI.

The UE may perform uplink transmission via the PUSCH on the basis of theconfigured grant according to the type 1 or type 2.

Resources for initial transmission by the configured grant may or maynot be shared by one or more UEs.

FIG. 13 shows an example of a conceptual diagram of uplink physicalchannel processing.

Each of the blocks shown in FIG. 13 may be performed in each module inthe physical layer block of a transmission device. More specifically,the uplink signal processing in FIG. 13 may be performed in theprocessor of the UE/BS described in this specification. Referring toFIG. 13, the uplink physical channel processing may be performed throughscrambling, modulation mapping, layer mapping, transform precoding,precoding, resource element mapping, and SC-FDMA signal generation(SC-FDMA signal generation). Each of the above processes may beperformed separately or together in each module of the transmissiondevice. The transform precoding is spreading UL data in a special way toreduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a waveform, and is a kindof discrete Fourier transform (DFT). OFDM using a CP together with thetransform precoding that performs DFT spreading is called DFT-s-OFDM,and OFDM using a CP without DFT spreading is called CP-OFDM. Transformprecoding may optionally be applied if it is enabled for the UL in an NRsystem. That is, the NR system supports two options for UL waveforms,one of which is CP-OFDM and the other is DFT-s-OFDM. Whether the UE mustuse the CP-OFDM as a UL transmit waveform or the DFT-s-OFDM as a ULtransmit waveform is provided from the BS to the UE via RRC parameters.FIG. 13 is a conceptual diagram of uplink physical channel processingfor DFT-s-OFDM. In the case of CP-OFDM, the transform precoding amongthe processes of FIG. 13 is omitted.

More specifically, the transmission device scrambles coded bits in acodeword by a scrambling module, and then transmits the coded bitsthrough a physical channel. Here, the codeword is acquired by encoding atransport block. The scrambled bits are modulated by a modulationmapping module into complex-valued modulation symbols. The modulationmapping module may modulate the scrambled bits according to apredetermined modulation scheme and arrange the modulated bits ascomplex-valued modulation symbols representing a position on a signalconstellation. pi/2-BPSK (pi/2-Binary Phase Shift Keying), m-PSK(m-Phase Shift Keying) or m-QAM (m-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) maybe used for modulating the coded data. The complex-valued modulationsymbols may be mapped to one or more transport layers by a layer mappingmodule. The complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer may beprecoded by a precoding module for transmission on an antenna port. Ifthe transform precoding is enabled, the precoding module may performprecoding after performing transform precoding on the complex-valuedmodulation symbols as shown in FIG. 13. The precoding module may processthe complex-valued modulation symbols in a MIMO manner according tomultiple transmission antennas to output antenna-specific symbols, anddistribute the antenna-specific symbols to a corresponding resourceelement mapping module. An output z of the precoding module may beacquired by multiplying an output y of the layer mapping module by aprecoding matrix W of N×M. Here, N is the number of antenna ports and Mis the number of layers. The resource element mapping module maps thecomplex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to anappropriate resource element in the resource block allocated fortransmission. The resource element mapping module may map thecomplex-valued modulation symbols to appropriate subcarriers andmultiplex the same according to users. The SC-FDMA signal generationmodule (CP-OFDM signal generation module if the transform precoding isdisabled) modulates the complex-valued modulation symbol according to aspecific modulation scheme, for example, an OFDM scheme, to generate acomplex-valued time domain OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing) symbol signal. The signal generation module may performInverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on the antenna specific symbol,and a CP may be inserted into the time domain symbol on which the IFFThas been performed. The OFDM symbol undergoes digital-to-analogconversion, upconverting, and the like, and transmitted to a receptiondevice through each transmission antenna. The signal generation modulemay include an IFFT module and a CP inserter, a digital-to-analogconverter (DAC), and a frequency uplink converter.

A signal processing procedure of a reception device may be the reverseof the signal processing procedure of the transmission device. Detailsthereof may be referred to the above contents and FIG. 13.

Next, the PUCCH will be described.

The PUCCH supports a plurality of formats, and the PUCCH formats may beclassified according to symbol duration, payload size, multiplexing, andthe like. Table 5 below illustrates PUCCH formats.

TABLE 5 PUCCH length in OFDM Number Format symbols of bits Usage Etc. 01-2  ≤2 1 Sequence selection 1 4-14 ≤2 2 Sequence modulation 2 1-2  >2 4CP-OFDM 3 4-14 >2 8 DFT-s-OFDM(no UE multiplexing) 4 4-14 >2 16DFT-s-OFDM(Pre DFT orthogonal cover code(OCC))

The PUCCH formats shown in Table 5 may be divided into (1) a short PUCCHand (2) a long PUCCH. PUCCH formats 0 and 2 may be included in the shortPUCCH, and PUCCH formats 1, 3 and 4 may be included in the long PUCCH.

FIG. 14 shows an example of an NR slot in which a PUCCH is transmitted.

The UE transmits one or two PUCCHs through serving cells in differentsymbols in one slot. When the UE transmits two PUCCHs in one slot, atleast one of the two PUCCHs has a structure of the short PUCCH.

I. eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication)

In the case of the NR system, a massive multiple input multiple output(MIMO) environment in which the transmit/receive antennas aresignificantly increased may be considered. That is, as the large MIMOenvironment is considered, the number of transmit/receive antennas mayincrease to several tens or hundreds or more. Meanwhile, the NR systemsupports communication in above 6 GHz band, that is, the millimeterfrequency band. However, the millimeter frequency band has a frequencycharacteristic in which signal attenuation according to a distance isvery sharp due to the use of a frequency band which is too high.Therefore, an NR system using the band of 6 GHz or higher uses abeamforming technique in which energy is collected and transmitted in aspecific direction, not in all directions, in order to compensate forsudden propagation attenuation characteristics. In the massive MIMOenvironment, a hybrid type beamforming technique combining an analogbeamforming technique and a digital beamforming technique is requireddepending on a position to which a beamforming weight vector/precodingvector is applied, to reduce complexity of hardware implementation,increase performance using multiple antennas, obtain flexibility ofresource allocation, and facilitate beam control for each frequency.

Hybrid Beamforming

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a transmitter and areceiver for hybrid beamforming.

As a method for forming a narrow beam in a millimeter frequency band, abeam forming scheme in which energy is increased only in a specificdirection by transmitting the same signal using a phase differencesuitable for a large number of antennas in a BS or a UE is mainlyconsidered. Such beamforming scheme includes digital beamforming tocreate a phase difference in a digital baseband signal, analogbeamforming to create a phase difference in a modulated analog signalusing time delay (i.e., cyclic shift), and hybrid beamforming using bothdigital beamforming and analog beamforming, or the like. If each antennaelement has an RF unit (or transceiver unit (TXRU)) to adjusttransmission power and phase, independent beamforming is possible foreach frequency resource. However, it is not effective in terms of priceto install an RF unit in all 100 antenna elements. That is, since themillimeter frequency band requires a large number of antennas tocompensate for the sudden attenuation characteristics and digitalbeamforming requires an RF component (e.g., a digital-to-analogconverter (DAC), a mixer, a power amplifier, a linear amplifier, and thelike), implementation of digital beamforming in the millimeter frequencyband causes the price of the communication device to increase.Therefore, when a large number of antennas are required such as in themillimeter frequency band, the use of analog beamforming or hybridbeamforming is considered. In the analog beamforming scheme, a pluralityof antenna elements are mapped to one TXRU and a direction of a beam isadjusted by an analog phase shifter. Such an analog beamforming schememay generate only one beam direction in the entire band, and thus, itcannot perform frequency selective beamforming (BF). Hybrid BF is anintermediate form of digital BF and analog BF and has B RF units fewerthan Q antenna elements. In the case of the hybrid BF, directions ofbeams that may be transmitted at the same time is limited to B or less,although there is a difference depending on a method of connecting the BRF units and Q antenna elements.

Beam Management (BM)

The BM process includes processes for acquiring and maintaining a set ofBS (or a transmission and reception point (TRP)) and/or UE beams thatmay be used for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) transmission/reception andmay include the following processes and terms.

-   -   beam measurement: operation for BS or UE to measure        characteristic of received beamforming signal.    -   beam determination: operation for BS or UE to select its own Tx        beam/Rx beam.    -   beam sweeping: an operation to cover spatial domain using        transmission and/or reception beam during a predetermined time        interval in a predetermined manner.    -   beam report: an operation for UE to report information of        beamformed signal on the basis of beam measurement.

The BM process may be classified into (1) DL BM process using SSB orCSI-RS and (2) UL BM process using SRS (sounding reference signal).Also, each BM process may include Tx beam sweeping to determine Tx beamand Rx beam sweeping to determine Rx beam.

DL BM Process

The DL BM process may include (1) transmission of beamformed DL RSs(e.g., CSI-RS or SSB) by the BS, and (2) beam reporting by the UE.

Here, the beam report may include a preferred DL RS ID(s) and acorresponding reference signal received power (RSRP). The DL RS ID maybe an SSBRI (SSB Resource Indicator) or a CRI (CSI-RS ResourceIndicator).

FIG. 16 shows an example of beamforming using SSB and CSI-RS.

As shown in FIG. 16, the SSB beam and the CSI-RS beam may be used forbeam measurement. The measurement metric is an RSRP per resource/block.The SSB may be used for coarse beam measurement, and the CSI-RS may beused for fine beam measurement. SSB may be used for both Tx beamsweeping and Rx beam sweeping. Rx beam sweeping using the SSB may beperformed by attempting to receive the SSB while the UE changes the Rxbeam for the same SSBRI across multiple SSB bursts. Here, one SS burstmay include one or more SSBs, and one SS burst set includes one or moreSSB bursts.

1. DL BM Using SSB

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a DL BM process usingSSB.

A configuration for beam report using the SSB is performed at the timeof channel state information (CSI)/beam configuration in RRC_CONNECTED.

-   -   The UE receives from the BS a CSI-ResourceConfig IE including a        CSI-SSB-ResourceSetList for the SSB resources used for the BM        (S410). The RRC parameter csi-SSB-ResourceSetList represents a        list of SSB resources used for beam management and reporting in        one resource set. Here, the SSB resource set may be configured        to {SSBx1, SSBx2, SSBx3, SSBx4}. The SSB index may be defined        from 0 to 63.    -   The UE receives signals on the SSB resources from the BS on the        basis of the CSI-SSB-ResourceSetList (S420).    -   If the CSI-RS reportConfig associated with reporting on the        SSBRI and reference signal received power (RSRP) is configured,        the UE reports the best SSBRI and its corresponding RSRP to the        BS S430). For example, if the reportQuantity of the CSI-RS        reportConfig IE is set to ‘ssb-Index-RSRP’, the UE reports the        best SSBRI and a corresponding RSRP to the BS.

When the CSI-RS resource is configured in the same OFDM symbol (s) asthe SSB and ‘QCL-Type D’ is applicable, the UE may assume that theCSI-RS and the SSB are quasi co-located (QCL-ed) in terms of‘QCL-TypeD’. Here, QCL-TypeD may refer to QCL-ed between antenna portsin terms of spatial Rx parameter. The same receive beam may be appliedwhen the UE receives signals of a plurality of DL antenna ports in theQCL-TypeD relationship. Details of QCL may refer to a section 4. QCLbelow.

2. DL BM Using CSI-RS

Referring to the use of CSI-RS, i) if a repetition parameter is set fora specific CSI-RS resource set and TRS_info is not configured, CSI-RS isused for beam management. ii) If the repetition parameter is not set andTRS_info is set, the CSI-RS is used for a tracking reference signal(TRS). Iii) If the repetition parameter is not set and TRS_info is notset, the CSI-RS is used for CSI acquisition.

(RRC Parameter) If the repetition is set to ‘ON’, it relates to a Rxbeam sweeping process of the UE. If the repetition is set to ‘ON’, theUE may assume that if NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet is configured, signals ofat least one CSI-RS resource in the NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet aretransmitted in the same downlink space domain filter. That is, at leastone CSI-RS resource in the NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet is transmitted throughthe same Tx beam. Here, signals of at least one CSI-RS resource in theNZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet may be transmitted in different OFDM symbols.

Meanwhile, if the repetition is set to ‘OFF’, it relates to a Tx beamsweeping process of the BS. If the repetition is set to ‘OFF’, the UEdoes not assume that signals of at least one CSI-RS resource in theNZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet are transmitted in the same downlink spatialdomain transmission filter. That is, the signals of at least one CSI-RSresource in the NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet are transmitted through differentTx beams. FIG. 18 shows another example of the DL BM process usingCSI-RS.

FIG. 18(a) shows a process of Rx beam determination (or refinement) ofthe UE, and FIG. 18(b) shows a Tx beam sweeping process of the BS. FIG.18 (a) shows a case where the repetition parameter is set to ‘ON’, andFIG. 18(b) shows a case where the repetition parameter is set to ‘OFF’.

A process of determining the Rx beam of the UE will be described withreference to FIGS. 18(a) and 19.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process ofdetermining a reception beam of a UE.

-   -   The UE receives an NZP CSI-RS resource set IE including the RRC        parameter regarding ‘repetition’ from the BS through RRC        signaling (S610). Here, the RRC parameter ‘repetition’ is set to        ‘ON’.    -   The UE repeatedly receives signals on the resource(s) in the        CSI-RS resource in which the RRC parameter ‘repetition’ is set        to ‘ON’ in different OFDM (s) through the same Tx beam (or DL        space domain transmission filter) of the BS (S620).    -   The UE determines its own Rx beam (S630).    -   The UE omits the CSI reporting (S640). That is, the UE may omit        CSI reporting when the uplink RRC parameter ‘repetition’ is set        to ‘ON’.

A Tx beam determining process of the BS will be described with referenceto FIGS. 18(b) and 20.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a transmission beamdetermining process of the BS.

-   -   The UE receives an NZP CSI-RS resource set IE including an RRC        parameter regarding ‘repetition’ from the BS through RRC        signaling (S710). Here, the RRC parameter ‘repetition’ is set to        ‘OFF’ and is related to the Tx beam sweeping process of the BS.    -   The UE receives signals on the resources in the CSI-RS resource        in which the RRC parameter ‘repetition’ is set to ‘OFF’ through        different Tx beams (DL spatial domain transmission filters) of        the BS (S720).    -   The UE selects (or determines) the best beam (S730)    -   The UE reports an ID (e.g., CRI) for the selected beam and        related quality information (e.g., RSRP) to the BS (S740). That        is, the UE reports the CRI and the RSRP to the BS when the        CSI-RS is transmitted for the BM.

FIG. 21 shows an example of resource allocation in time and frequencydomains related to the operation of FIG. 18.

When repetition ‘ON’ is set in the CSI-RS resource set, a plurality ofCSI-RS resources are repeatedly used by applying the same transmissionbeam, and when repetition ‘OFF’ is set in the CSI-RS resource set,different CSI-RS resources may be transmitted in different transmissionbeams.

3. DL BM-Related Beam Indication

The UE may receive a list of up to M candidate transmissionconfiguration indication (TCI) states for at least a quasi co-location(QCL) indication via RRC signaling. Here, M depends on UE capability andmay be 64.

Each TCI state may be configured with one reference signal (RS) set.Table 6 shows an example of a TCI-State IE. The TCI-State IE isassociated with a quasi co-location (QCL) type corresponding to one ortwo DL reference signals (RSs).

TABLE 6 -- ASN1START -- TAG-TCI-STATE-START TCI-State ::= SEQUENCE {tci-StateId TCI-StateId, qcl-Type1 QCL-Info, qcl-Type2 QCL-InfoOPTIONAL, -- Need R ... } QCL-Info ::= SEQUENCE { cell ServCellIndexOPTIONAL, -- Need R bwp-Id BWP-Id OPTIONAL, -- Cond CSI-RS-IndicatedreferenceSignal CHOICE { csi-rs NZP-CSI- RS-ResourceId, ssb SSB-Index },qcl-Type ENUMERATED {typeA, typeB, typeC, typeD}, ... } --TAG-TCI-STATE-STOP -- ASN1STOP

In Table 6, ‘bwp-Id’ denotes a DL BWP where RS is located, ‘cell’denotes a carrier where RS is located, ‘referencesignal’ denotes areference antenna port(s) which is a QCL-ed source for target antennaport(s) or a reference signal including the same. The target antennaport(s) may be CSI-RS, PDCCH DMRS, or PDSCH DMRS.

4. QCL (Quasi-Co Location)

The UE may receive a list including up to M TCI-state configurations todecode the PDSCH according to the detected PDCCH having an intended DCIfor the UE and a given cell. Here, M depends on the UE capability.

As illustrated in Table 6, each TCI-State includes a parameter forestablishing a QCL relationship between one or two DL RSs and the DM-RSport of the PDSCH. The QCL relationship is configured with a RRCparameter qcl-Type1 for the first DL RS and a qcl-Type2 (if set) for thesecond DL RS.

The QCL type corresponding to each DL RS is given by the parameter‘qcl-Type’ in QCL-Info and may have one of the following values:

-   -   ‘QCL-TypeA’: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay,        delay spread}    -   ‘QCL-TypeB’: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}    -   ‘QCL-TypeC’: {Doppler shift, average delay}    -   ‘QCL-TypeD’: {Spatial Rx parameter}

For example, when a target antenna port is a specific NZP CSI-RS,corresponding NZP CSI-RS antenna ports may be instructed/configured tobe QCL-ed with a specific TRS in terms of QCL-Type A and QCL-ed with aspecific SSB in terms of QCL-Type D. The thusly instructed/configured UEmay receive the corresponding NZP CSI-RS using a Doppler and delay valuemeasured by the QCL-TypeA TRS and apply a reception beam used forreceiving the QCL-TypeD SSB to the corresponding NZP CSI-RS reception.

UL BM Process

In the UL BM, a Tx beam-Rx beam reciprocity (or beam correspondence) maybe or may not be established depending on UE implementation. If the Txbeam-Rx beam reciprocity is established in both the BS and the UE, a ULbeam pair may be matched through a DL beam pair. However, if the Txbeam-Rx beam reciprocity is not established in either the BS or the UE,a UL beam pair determining process is required, apart from DL beam pairdetermination.

In addition, even when the BS and the UE maintain beam correspondence,the BS may use the UL BM process for DL Tx beam determination withoutrequesting the UE to report a preferred beam.

The UL BM may be performed through beamformed UL SRS transmission andwhether to apply the UL BM of the SRS resource set is configured by theRRC parameter in a (RRC parameter) usage. If the usage is configured as‘BeamManagement (BM)’, only one SRS resource may be transmitted for eachof a plurality of SRS resource sets at a given time instant.

The UE may be configured with one or more sounding reference signal(SRS) resource sets (through RRC signaling, etc.) set by the (RRCparameter) SRS-ResourceSet. For each SRS resource set, K≥1 SRS resourcesmay be set for the UE. Here, K is a natural number, and a maximum valueof K is indicated by SRS_capability.

Like the DL BM, the UL BM process may also be divided into Tx beamsweeping of the UE and Rx beam sweeping of the BS.

FIG. 22 shows an example of a UL BM process using SRS.

FIG. 22(a) shows a process of determining Rx beamforming of a BS, andFIG. 22(b) shows a process of sweeping Tx beam of the UE.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a UL BM process usingSRS.

-   -   The UE receives RRC signaling (e.g., SRS-Config IE) including an        (RRC parameter) usage parameter set to ‘beam management’ from        the BS (S1010). An SRS-Config IE is used for configuration of        SRS transmission. The SRS-Config IE includes a list of        SRS-Resources and a list of SRS-ResourceSets. Each SRS resource        set refers to a set of SRS-resources.    -   The UE determines Tx beamforming for the SRS resource to be        transmitted on the basis of SRS-SpatialRelation Info included in        the SRS-Config IE (S1020). Here, the SRS-SpatialRelation Info is        configured for each SRS resource and indicates whether to apply        the same beamforming as that used in SSB, CSI-RS, or SRS for        each SRS resource.    -   If SRS-SpatialRelationInfo is configured in the SRS resource,        the same beamforming as that used in SSB, CSI-RS, or SRS is        applied and transmitted. However, if SRS-SpatialRelationInfo is        not configured in the SRS resource, the UE randomly determines        the Tx beamforming and transmits the SRS through the determined        Tx beamforming (S1030).

More specifically, regarding P-SRS in which ‘SRS-ResourceConfigType’ isset to ‘periodic’:

i) If the SRS-SpatialRelationInfo is set to ‘SSB/PBCH’, the UE transmitsthe corresponding SRS by applying the same spatial domain transmissionfilter (or generated from the corresponding filter) as the spatialdomain Rx filter used for receiving SSB/PBCH; or

ii) If the SRS-SpatialRelationInfo is set to ‘CSI-RS’, the UE transmitsthe SRS by applying the same spatial domain transmission filter used forreceiving the CSI-RS; or

iii) When SRS-SpatialRelationInfo is set to ‘SRS’, the UE transmits thecorresponding SRS by applying the same spatial domain transmissionfilter used for transmitting the SRS.

-   -   In addition, the UE may receive or may not receive a feedback on        the SRS from the BS as in the following three cases (S1040).

i) When Spatial_Relation_Info is set for all SRS resources in the SRSresource set, the UE transmits the SRS to the beam indicated by the BS.For example, if Spatial_Relation_Info indicates SSB, CRI, or SRI inwhich Spatial_Relation_Info is the same, the UE repeatedly transmits theSRS on the same beam.

ii) Spatial_Relation_Info may not be set for all SRS resources in theSRS resource set. In this case, the UE may freely transmit whilechanging the SRS beamforming.

iii) Spatial_Relation_Info may only be set for some SRS resources in theSRS resource set. In this case, the SRS is transmitted on the indicatedbeam for the set SRS resource, and for an SRS resource in whichSpatial_Relation_Info is not set, the UE may transit the SRS resource byrandomly applying Tx beamforming.

A Beam Failure Recovery (BFR) Process

In a beamformed system, a radio link failure (RLF) may occur frequentlydue to rotation, movement, or beamforming blockage of the UE. Therefore,BFR is supported in NR to prevent frequent occurrence of the RLFs. TheBFR is similar to the radio link failure recovery process and may besupported if the UE knows the new candidate beam(s).

For beam failure detection, the BS configures beam failure detectionreference signals for the UE, and if the number of times of beam failureindications from the physical layer of the UE reaches a threshold set bythe RRC signaling within a period set by the RRC signaling of the BS,the UE declares beam failure.

After the beam failure is detected, the UE triggers a beam failurerecovery by initiating a random access procedure on the PCell; andperforms beam failure recovery by selecting a suitable beam (If the BSprovides dedicated random access resources for certain beams, they areprioritized by the UE). Upon completion of the random access procedure,beam failure recovery is considered to be completed.

J. URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication)

The URLLC transmission defined by the NR may refer to transmission for(1) a relatively low traffic size, (2) a relatively low arrival rate,(3) an extremely low latency requirement (e.g., 0.5, 1 ms), (4)relatively short transmission duration (e.g., 2 OFDM symbols), and (5)urgent service/message, etc.

In the case of UL, transmission for a particular type of traffic (e.g.,URLLC) needs to be multiplexed with other previously scheduledtransmissions (e.g., eMBB) to meet a more stringent latency requirement.In this regard, one method is to give information indicating that ascheduled UE will be preempted for a specific resource, and allow theURLLC UE to use the resource for UL transmission.

Pre-Emption Indication

In the case of NR, dynamic resource sharing between eMBB and URLLC issupported. eMBB and URLLC services may be scheduled on non-overlappingtime/frequency resources and URLLC transmission may occur on scheduledresources for ongoing eMBB traffic. The eMBB UE may not know whetherPDSCH transmission of the UE is partially punctured and the UE may notbe able to decode the PDSCH due to corrupted coded bits. Inconsideration of this, NR provides a preemption indication.

The preemption indication may also be referred to as an interruptedtransmission indication.

With respect to the preamble indication, the UE receivesDownlinkPreemption IE through RRC signaling from the BS. Table 7 belowshows an example of the DownlinkPreemption IE.

TABLE 7 -- ASN1START -- TAG-DOWNLINKPREEMPTION-START DownlinkPreemption::= SEQUENCE { int-RNTI RNTI-Value, timeFrequencySet  ENUMERATED {set0,set1}, dci-PayloadSize INTEGER (0..maxINT-DCI-PayloadSize),int-ConfigurationPerServingCell SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxNrofServingCells))OF INT-ConfigurationPerServingCell,  ... }INT-ConfigurationPerServingCell ::= SEQUENCE { servingCellIdServCellIndex, positionInDCI  INTEGER (0..maxINT-DCI-PayloadSize−1) } --TAG-DOWNLINKPREEMPTION-STOP -- ASN1STOP

If the UE is provided with the DownlinkPreemption IE, the UE isconfigured with an INT-RNTI provided by a parameter int-RNTI in theDownlinkPreemption IE to monitor a PDCCH conveying the DCI format 2_1.The UE is further configured with a set of serving cells and acorresponding set of locations for fields in the DCI format 2_1 bypositionInDCI by an INT-ConfigurationPerServing Cell including a set ofserving cell indices provided by a servingCellID, is configured with aninformation payload size for DCI format 2_1 by dci-PayloadSize, and isconfigured with granularity of time-frequency resources by timeFrequencySect.

The UE receives the DCI format 2_1 from the BS on the basis of theDownlinkPreemption IE.

If the UE detects the DCI format 2_1 for a serving cell in the set ofserving cells, the UE may assume there is no transmission to the UE inPRBs and symbols indicated by the DCI format 2_1 among sets of PRBs andsets of symbols in the last monitoring period before a monitoring periodto which the DCI format 2_1 belongs. For example, referring to FIG. 9A,the UE determines that a signal in the time-frequency resource indicatedby pre-emption is not a DL transmission scheduled for the UE itself anddecodes data on the basis of signals received in the remaining resourcearea.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing an example of an preemption indicationmethod.

A combination of {M,N} is set by the RRC parameter timeFrequencySet. {M,N}={14,1}, {7,2}.

FIG. 25 shows an example of a time/frequency set of a preemptionindication.

A 14-bit bitmap for a preemption indication indicates one or morefrequency parts (N>=1) and/or one or more time domain parts (M>=1). Inthe case of {M, N}={14,1}, as shown in FIG. 25(a), 14 parts in the timedomain correspond one-to-one to 14 bits of the 14-bit bit map, and apart corresponding to a bit set to 1, among the 14 bits, is partincluding pre-empted resources. In the case of {M, N}={7,2}, as shown inFIG. 25(b), the time-frequency resources of the monitoring period isdivided into seven parts in the time domain and two parts in thefrequency domain, so as to be divided into a total of 14 time-frequencyparts. The total of 14 time-frequency parts correspond one-to-one to the14 bits of the 14-bit bitmap, and the part corresponding to the bit setto 1 among the 14 bits includes the pre-empted resources.

K. MMTC (Massive MTC)

The massive machine type communication (mMTC) is one of the 5G scenariosfor supporting a hyper-connection service that simultaneouslycommunicates with a large number of UEs. In this environment, the UEintermittently performs communication with a very low transfer rate andmobility. Therefore, mMTC is aimed at how low cost and for how long theUE can be driven. In this regard, MTC and NB-IoT, which are dealt within 3GPP will be described.

Hereinafter, a case where a transmission time interval of a physicalchannel is a subframe will be described as an example. For example, acase where a minimum time interval from a start of transmission of onephysical channel (e.g., MPDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH) to a start oftransmission of a next physical channel is one subframe will bedescribed as an example. In the following description, the subframe maybe replaced by a slot, a mini-slot, or multiple slots.

MTC (Machine Type Communication)

MTC (Machine Type Communication), which is an application that does notrequire much throughput applicable to M2M (Machine-to-Machine) or IoT(Internet-of-Things), refers to a communication technology adopted tomeet the requirements of the IoT service in 3GPP (3rd GenerationPartnership Project).

The MTC may be implemented to meet the criteria of (1) low cost & lowcomplexity, (2) enhanced coverage, and (3) low power consumption.

In 3GPP, MTC has been applied since release 10 (3GPP standard documentversion 10.x.x.) and features of MTC added for each release of 3GPP willbe briefly described.

First, the MTC described in 3GPP Release 10 and Release 11 relates to aload control method. The load control method is to prevent IoT (or M2M)devices from suddenly loading the BS. More specifically, 3GPP Release 10relates to a method of controlling a load by disconnecting IoT deviceswhen the load occurs, and Release 11 relates to a method of preventingconnection of the UE in advance by informing the UE about connection toa cell later through system information of the cell. In Release 12,features for low cost MTC are added, for which UE category 0 is newlydefined. The UE category is an indicator indicating how much data the UEmay handle at a communication modem. A UE in UE category 0 is a UE witha reduced peak data rate and relaxed radio frequency (RF) requirements,thus reducing baseband and RF complexity. In Release 13, a technologycalled eMTC (enhanced MTC) was introduced, which allows the UE tooperate only at 1.08 MHz, a minimum frequency bandwidth supported bylegacy LTE, thereby lowering the price and power consumption of the UE.

The contents described hereinafter is features mainly related to eMTCbut may also be equally applicable to the MTC, eMTC, 5G (or NR) unlessotherwise mentioned. Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, MTCwill be collectively described.

Therefore, the MTC described below may referred to as the enhanced MTC(eMTC), the LTE-M1/M2, BL (bandwidth reduced low complexity/CE (coverageenhanced), non-BL UE (in enhanced coverage), NR MTC, enhanced BL/CE, andthe like. That is, the term MTC may be replaced with terms to be definedin the 3GPP standard in the future.

MTC General Features

(1) MTC operates only within a specific system bandwidth (or channelbandwidth).

MTC may use six resource blocks (RBs) in the system band of the legacyLTE as shown in FIG. 26 or use a specific number of RBs in the systemband of the NR system. The frequency bandwidth in which the MTC operatesmay be defined in consideration of a frequency range of NR andsubcarrier spacing. Hereinafter, a specific system or frequencybandwidth in which the MTC operates is referred to as an MTC narrowband(NB). In the NR, the MTC may operate in at least one bandwidth part(BWP) or in a specific band of BWP.

MTC follows a narrowband operation to transmit and receive physicalchannels and signals, and a maximum channel bandwidth in which the MTCUE is operable is reduced to 1.08 MHz or six (LTE) RBs.

The narrowband may be used as a reference unit in resource allocationunits of some downlink and uplink channels, and a physical location ofeach narrowband in the frequency domain may be defined to be differentdepending on the system bandwidth.

The bandwidth of 1.08 MHz defined in MTC is defined for the MTC UE tofollow the same cell search and random access procedure as the legacyUE.

MTC may be supported by cells having a bandwidth (e.g., 10 MHz) muchlarger than 1.08 MHz but the physical channels and signals transmittedand received by the MTC are always limited to 1.08 MHz. The system withhaving much larger bandwidth may be legacy LTE, NR systems, 5G systems,and the like.

A narrowband is defined as six non-overlapping consecutive physicalresource blocks in the frequency domain.

FIG. 26(a) is a diagram showing an example of a narrowband operation,and FIG. 26(b) is a diagram showing an example of repetition having RFretuning.

Frequency diversity by RF retuning will be described with reference toFIG. 26(b).

Due to narrowband RF, single antenna and limited mobility, the MTCsupports limited frequency, space and time diversity. In order to reducefading and outage, frequency hopping is supported by MTC betweendifferent narrow bands by RF retuning.

In MTC, frequency hopping is applied to different uplink and downlinkphysical channels when repetition is possible. For example, if 32subframes are used for PDSCH transmission, first 16 subframes may betransmitted on a first narrowband. Here, the RF front end is retuned toanother narrow band, and the remaining 16 subframes are transmitted onthe second narrow band.

The narrowband of MTC may be set to the UE via system information or DCI(downlink control information) transmitted by the BS.

(2) The MTC operates in a half duplex mode and uses a limited (orreduced) maximum transmit power. The half duplex mode refers to a modein which a communication device operates only in an uplink or a downlinkat one frequency at one time point and operates in a downlink or anuplink at another frequency at another time point. For example, when thecommunication device operates in the half-duplex mode, the communicationdevice performs communication using the uplink frequency and thedownlink frequency, and the communication device may not use the uplinkfrequency and the downlink frequency at the same time. The communicationdevice divides time to perform uplink transmission through the uplinkfrequency and the downlink reception by re-tuning to the downlinkfrequency for another predetermined time.

(3) MTC does not use channels (defined in legacy LTE or NR) that must bedistributed over the entire system bandwidth of the legacy LTE or NR.For example, in the MTC, the PDCCH of the legacy LTE is not used becausethe PDCCH is distributed over the entire system bandwidth. Instead, anew control channel, MPDCCH (MTC PDCCH), is defined in the MTC. TheMPDCCH is transmitted/received within a maximum of 6 RBs in thefrequency domain.

(4) MTC uses the newly defined DCI format. For example, DCI formats6-0A, 6-0B, 6-1A, 6-1B, 6-2, etc., may be used as a DCI format for MTC(see 3GPP TS 36.212).

(5) In the case of MTC, a physical broadcast channel (PBCH), a physicalrandom access channel (PRACH), an MTC physical downlink control channel(M-PDCCH), a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), a physical uplinkcontrol channel (PUCCH), and a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)may be repeatedly transmitted. Due to the MTC repeated transmission, anMTC channel may be decoded even when signal quality or power is verypoor, such as in an inadequate environment such as a basement, therebyincreasing a cell radius and increasing a penetration effect.

(6) In MTC, PDSCH transmission based on PDSCH scheduling (DCI) and PDSCHscheduling may occur in different subframes (cross-subframe scheduling).

(7) In the LTE system, the PDSCH carrying a general SIB1 is scheduled bythe PDCCH, whereas all the resource allocation information (e.g.,subframe, transport block size, narrowband index) for SIB1 decoding isdetermined by a parameter of the MIB and no control channel is used forSIB1 decoding of the MTC.

(8) All resource allocation information (subframe, TBS, subband index)for SIB2 decoding is determined by several SIB1 parameters and nocontrol channel for SIB2 decoding of MTC is used.

(9) The MTC supports an extended paging (DRX) cycle. Here, the pagingperiod refers to a period during which the UE must be wake up to checkwhether there is a paging from a network even when the UE is in adiscontinuous reception (DRX) mode in which it does not attempt toreceive a downlink signal for power saving.

(10) MTC may use the same PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)/SSS(Secondary Synchronization Signal)/CRS (Common Reference Signal) used inlegacy LTE or NR. In the case of NR, the PSS/SSS is transmitted on anSSB basis, and a tracking RS (TRS) is a cell-specific RS and may be usedfor frequency/time tracking.

MTC Operation Mode and Level

Next, an MTC operation mode and level will be described. MTC isclassified into two operation modes (first mode, second mode) and fourdifferent levels for coverage improvement as shown in Table 8 below.

The MTC operation mode is referred to as a CE (Coverage Enhancement)mode. In this case, the first mode may be referred to as a CE mode A,and the second mode may be referred to as a CE mode B.

TABLE 8 Mode Level Description Mode A Level 1 No repetition for PRACHLevel 2 Small Number of Repetition for PRACH Mode B Level 3 MediumNumber of Repetition for PRACH Level 4 Large Number of Repetition forPRACH

The first mode is defined for small coverage enhancement to support fullmobility and CSI (channel state information, in which there is norepetition or fewer repetition times. The second mode is defined for UEswith extremely poor coverage conditions that support CSI feedback andlimited mobility, in which a large number of repetitive transmissions isdefined. The second mode provides a coverage improvement of up to 15 dB.Each level of MTC is defined differently in the random access procedureand the paging process.

The MTC operation mode is determined by the BS, and each level isdetermined by the MTC UE. Specifically, the BS transmits RRC signalingincluding information on the MTC operation mode to the UE. Here, the RRCsignaling may be an RRC connection setup message, an RRC connectionreconfiguration message or an RRC connection reestablishment message.

Thereafter, the MTC UE determines a level in each operation mode andtransmits the determined level to the BS. Specifically, the MTC UEdetermines a level in an operation mode on the basis of measured channelquality (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signalreceived quality (RSRQ), or signal to interference plus noise ratio(SINR), and transmits an RACH preamble using a PRACH resource (e.g.,frequency, time, preamble resource for PRACH) corresponding to thedetermined level, thereby informing the BS about the determined level.

MTC Guard Period

As discussed above, MTC operates in narrow band. The location of thenarrow band used in the MTC may be different for each particular timeunit (e.g., subframe or slot). The MTC UE may tune to differentfrequencies depending on the time units. A certain amount of time isrequired for frequency retuning, and certain amount of time is definedas a guard period of MTC. That is, a guard period is required whenfrequency retuning is performed while transitioning from one time unitto the next time unit, and transmission and reception do not occurduring the guard period.

MTC Signal Transmission/Reception Method

FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating physical channels that may be used forMTC and a general signal transmission method using the same.

In step S1001, the MTC UE, which is powered on again or enters a newcell, performs an initial cell search operation such as synchronizingwith the BS. To this end, the MTC UE receives a primary synchronizationsignal (PSS) and a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) from the BS,adjusts synchronization with the BS, and acquires information such as acell ID. The PSS/SSS used in the initial cell search operation of theMTC may be a PSS/SSS, a resynchronization signal (RSS), or the like ofan legacy LTE.

Thereafter, the MTC UE may receive a physical broadcast channel (PBCH)signal from the BS to acquire broadcast information in a cell.

Meanwhile, the MTC UE may receive a downlink reference signal (DL RS) inan initial cell search step to check a downlink channel state. Thebroadcast information transmitted through the PBCH is a masterinformation block (MIB), and in the LTE, the MIB is repeated by every 10ms.

Among the bits of the MIB of the legacy LTE, reserved bits are used inMTC to transmit scheduling for a new SIB1-BR (system information blockfor bandwidth reduced device) including a time/frequency location and atransport block size. The SIB-BR is transmitted directly on the PDSCHwithout any control channel (e.g., PDCCH, MPDDCH) associated with theSIB-BR.

Upon completion of the initial cell search, the MTC UE may receive anMPDCCH and a PDSCH according to the MPDCCH information to acquire morespecific system information in step S1002. The MPDCCH may be transmittedonly once or repeatedly. The maximum number of repetitions of the MPDCCHis set to the UE by RRC signaling from the BS.

Thereafter, the MTC UE may perform a random access procedure such assteps S1003 to S1006 to complete the connection to the BS. A basicconfiguration related to the RACH process of the MTC UE is transmittedby SIB2. In addition, SIB2 includes parameters related to paging. In the3GPP system, a paging occasion (PO) refers to a time unit in which theUE may attempt to receive paging. The MTC UE attempts to receive theMPDCCH on the basis of a P-RNTI in the time unit corresponding to its POon the narrowband (PNB) set for paging. The UE that has successfullydecoded the MPDCCH on the basis of the P-RNTI may receive a PDSCHscheduled by the MPDCCH and check a paging message for itself. If thereis a paging message for itself, the UE performs a random accessprocedure to access a network.

For the random access procedure, the MTC UE transmits a preamble througha physical random access channel (PRACH) (S1003), and receives aresponse message (RAR) for the preamble through the MPDCCH and thecorresponding PDSCH. (S1004). In the case of a contention-based randomaccess, the MTC UE may perform a contention resolution procedure such astransmission of an additional PRACH signal (S1005) and reception of theMPDCCH signal and corresponding PDSCH signal (S1006). The signals and/ormessages Msg 1, Msg 2, Msg 3, and Msg 4 transmitted in the RACH processin the MTC may be repeatedly transmitted, and the repeat pattern is setto be different according to the CE level. Msg1 denotes a PRACHpreamble, Msg2 denotes a random access response (RAR), Msg3 denotes ULtransmission on the basis of a UL grant included in the RAR, and Msg4denotes a DL transmission of the BS to Msg3.

For random access, PRACH resources for the different CE levels aresignaled by the BS. This provides the same control of a near-far effecton the PRACH by grouping together UEs experiencing similar path loss. Upto four different PRACH resources may be signaled to the MTC UE.

The MTC UE estimates RSRP using a downlink RS (e.g., CRS, CSI-RS, TRS,and the like), and selects one of different PRACH resources (e.g.,frequency, time, and preamble resources for PRACH) for the random accesson the basis of the measurement result. The RAR for the PRACH and searchspaces for the contention resolution messages for PRACH are alsosignaled at the BS via system information.

The MTC UE that has performed the above-described process may thenreceive an MPDCCH signal and/or a PDSCH signal (S1007) and transmit aphysical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) signal and/or a physical uplinkcontrol channel (PUCCH) (S1108) as a general uplink/downlink signaltransmission process. The MTC UE may transmit uplink control information(UCI) to the BS through the PUCCH or PUSCH. The UCI may includeHARQ-ACK/NACK, scheduling request (SR), and/or CSI.

When RRC connection to the MTC UE is established, the MTC UE monitorsthe MPDCCH in a search space set to acquire uplink and downlink dataallocation and attempts to receive the MDCCH.

In the case of MTC, the MPDCCH and the PDSCH scheduled by the MDCCH aretransmitted/received in different subframes. For example, the MPDCCHhaving the last repetition in subframe #n schedules the PDSCH startingat subframe #n+2. The DCI transmitted by the MPDCCH provides informationon how many times the MPDCCH is repeated so that the MTC UE may knowwhen the PDSCH transmission is started. For example, when the DCI in theMPDCCH started to be transmitted from the subframe #n includesinformation that the MPDCCH is repeated 10 times, a last subframe inwhich the MPDCCH is transmitted is the subframe #n+9 and transmission ofthe PDSCH may start at subframe #n+11.

The PDSCH may be scheduled in the same as or different from a narrowband in which the MPDCCH scheduling the PDSCH is present. If the MPDCCHand the corresponding PDSCH are located in different narrow bands, theMTC UE needs to retune the frequency to the narrow band in which thePDSCH is present before decoding the PDSCH.

For uplink data transmission, scheduling may follow the same timing aslegacy LTE. For example, the MPDCCH which is lastly transmitted atsubframe #n may schedule PUSCH transmission starting at subframe #n+4.

FIG. 28 shows an example of scheduling for MTC and legacy LTE,respectively.

In the legacy LTE, the PDSCH is scheduled using the PDCCH, which usesthe first OFDM symbol(s) in each subframe, and the PDSCH is scheduled inthe same subframe as the subframe in which the PDCCH is received.

In contrast, the MTC PDSCH is cross-subframe scheduled, and one subframebetween the MPDCCH and the PDSCH is used as a time period for MPDCCHdecoding and RF retuning. The MTC control channel and data channel maybe repeated over a large number of subframes including up to 256subframes for the MPDCCH and up to 2048 subframes for the PDSCH so thatthey may be decoded under extreme coverage conditions.

NB-IoT (Narrowband-Internet of Things)

The NB-IoT may refer to a system for supporting low complexity, lowpower consumption through a system bandwidth (system BW) correspondingto one resource block (RB) of a wireless communication system.

Here, NB-IoT may be referred to as other terms such as NB-LTE, NB-IoTenhancement, enhanced NB-IoT, further enhanced NB-IoT, NB-NR. That is,NB-IoT may be replaced with a term defined or to be defined in the 3GPPstandard, and hereinafter, it will be collectively referred to as‘NB-IoT’ for convenience of explanation.

The NB-IoT is a system for supporting a device (or UE) such asmachine-type communication (MTC) in a cellular system so as to be usedas a communication method for implementing IoT (i.e., Internet ofThings). Here, one RB of the existing system band is allocated for theNB-IoT, so that the frequency may be efficiently used. Also, in the caseof NB-IoT, each UE recognizes a single RB as a respective carrier, sothat RB and carrier referred to in connection with NB-IoT in the presentspecification may be interpreted to have the same meaning.

Hereinafter, a frame structure, a physical channel, a multi-carrieroperation, an operation mode, and general signal transmission/receptionrelated to the NB-IoT in the present specification are described inconsideration of the case of the legacy LTE system, but may also beextendedly applied to a next generation system (e.g., an NR system,etc.). In addition, the contents related to NB-IoT in this specificationmay be extendedly applied to MTC (Machine Type Communication) orientedfor similar technical purposes (e.g., low-power, low-cost, coverageenhancement, etc.).

Hereinafter, a case where a transmission time interval of a physicalchannel is a subframe are described as an example. For example, a casewhere a minimum time interval from the start of transmission of onephysical channel (e.g., NPDCCH, NPDSCH, NPUCCH, NPUSCH) to the start oftransmission of a next physical channel is one subframe will bedescribed, but in the following description, the subframe may bereplaced by a slot, a mini-slot, or multiple slots.

Frame Structure and Physical Resource of NB-IoT

First, the NB-IoT frame structure may be configured to be differentaccording to subcarrier spacing. Specifically, FIG. 29 shows an exampleof a frame structure when a subscriber spacing is 15 kHz, and FIG. 30shows an example of a frame structure when a subscriber spacing is 3.75kHz. However, the NB-IoT frame structure is not limited thereto, andNB-IoT for other subscriber spacings (e.g., 30 kHz) may be consideredwith different time/frequency units.

In addition, although the NB-IoT frame structure on the basis of the LTEsystem frame structure has been exemplified in the presentspecification, it is merely for the convenience of explanation and thepresent invention is not limited thereto. The method described in thisdisclosure may also be extendedly applied to NB-IoT based on a framestructure of a next-generation system (e.g., NR system).

Referring to FIG. 29, the NB-IoT frame structure for a 15 kHz subscriberspacing may be configured to be the same as the frame structure of thelegacy system (e.g., LTE system) described above. For example, a 10 msNB-IoT frame may include ten 1 ms NB-IoT subframes, and the 1 ms NB-IoTsubframe may include two 0.5 ms NB-IoT slots. Further, each 0.5 msNB-IoT may include 7 OFDM symbols.

Alternatively, referring to FIG. 30, the 10 ms NB-IoT frame may includefive 2 ms NB-IoT subframes, the 2 ms NB-IoT subframe may include sevenOFDM symbols and one guard period (GP). Also, the 2 ms NB-IoT subframemay be represented by an NB-IoT slot or an NB-IoT RU (resource unit).

Next, physical resources of the NB-IoT for each of downlink and uplinkwill be described.

First, the physical resources of the NB-IoT downlink may be configuredby referring to physical resources of other wireless communicationsystem (e.g., LTE system, NR system, etc.), except that a systembandwidth is limited to a certain number of RBs (e.g., one RB, i.e., 180kHz). For example, when the NB-IoT downlink supports only the 15-kHzsubscriber spacing as described above, the physical resources of theNB-IoT downlink may be configured as resource regions limiting aresource grid of the LTE system shown in FIG. 31 to one RB in thefrequency domain.

Next, in the case of the NB-IoT uplink physical resource, the systembandwidth may be limited to one RB as in the case of downlink. Forexample, if the NB-IoT uplink supports 15 kHz and 3.75 kHz subscriberspacings as described above, a resource grid for the NB-IoT uplink maybe expressed as shown in FIG. 31. In this case, the number ofsubcarriers NULsc and the slot period Tslot in the uplink band in FIG.31 may be given as shown in Table 9 below.

TABLE 9 Subcarrier spacing NULsc Tslot Δf = 3.75 kHz 48  6144 · Ts Δf =15 kHz 12 15360 · Ts

In NB-IoT, resource units (RUs) are used for mapping the PUSCH forNB-IoT (hereinafter referred to as NPUSCH) to resource elements. RU mayinclude NULsymb*NULslot SC-FDMA symbols in the time domain and includeNRUsc number of consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. Forexample, NRUsc and NULsymb may be given by Table 10 below for framestructure type 1, which is a frame structure for FDD, and may be givenby Table 11 below for frame structure type 2, which is frame structurefor TDD.

TABLE 10 NPUSCH format Δf NRUsc NULslots NULsymb 1 3.75 kHz 1 16 7  15kHz 1 16 3 8 6 4 12 2 2 3.75 kHz 1 4  15 kHz 1 4

TABLE 11 Supported up- NPUSCH link-downlink format Δf configurationsNRUsc NULslots NULsymb 1 3.75 kHz 1, 4 1 16 7  15 kHz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1 163 8 6 4 12 2 2 3.75 kHz 1, 4 1 4  15 kHz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 1 4

Physical Channel of NB-IoT

A BS and/or a UE supporting the NB-IoT may be configured totransmit/receive physical channels and/or physical signals configuredseparately from the legacy system. Hereinafter, specific contentsrelated to physical channels and/or physical signals supported by theNB-IoT will be described.

An orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) scheme may beapplied to the NB-IoT downlink on the basis of a subscriber spacing of15 kHz. Through this, co-existence with other systems (e.g., LTE system,NR system) may be efficiently supported by providing orthogonalitybetween subcarriers. A downlink physical channel/signal of the NB-IoTsystem may be represented by adding ‘N (Narrowband)’ to distinguish itfrom the legacy system. For example, a downlink physical channel may bereferred to as an NPBCH (narrowband physical broadcast channel), anNPDCCH (narrowband physical downlink control channel), or an NPDSCH(narrowband physical downlink shared channel), and a downlink physicalsignal may be referred to as an NPSS (narrowband primary synchronizationsignal), an NSSS (narrowband secondary synchronization signal), an NRS(narrowband reference signal), an NPRS (narrowband positioning referencesignal), an NWUS (narrowband wake up signal), and the like. Generally,the downlink physical channels and physical signals of the NB-IoT may beconfigured to be transmitted on the basis of a time domain multiplexingscheme and/or a frequency domain multiplexing scheme. In the case ofNPBCH, NPDCCH, NPDSCH, etc., which are the downlink channels of theNB-IoT system, repetition transmission may be performed for coverageenhancement. In addition, the NB-IoT uses a newly defined DCI format.For example, the DCI format for NB-IoT may be defined as DCI format N0,DCI format N1, DCI format N2, and the like.

In the NB-IoT uplink, a single carrier frequency division multipleaccess (SC-FDMA) scheme may be applied on the basis of a subscriberspacing of 15 kHz or 3.75 kHz. As mentioned in the downlink section, thephysical channel of the NB-IoT system may be expressed by adding ‘N(Narrowband)’ to distinguish it from the existing system. For example,the uplink physical channel may be represented by a narrowband physicalrandom access channel (NPRACH) or a narrowband physical uplink sharedchannel (NPUSCH), and the uplink physical signal may be represented by anarrowband demodulation reference signal (NDMRS), or the like. NPUSCHmay be divided into NPUSCH format 1 and NPUSCH format 2. In one example,NPUSCH Format 1 may be used for uplink shared channel (UL-SCH)transmission (or transport), and NPUSCH Format 2 may be used for uplinkcontrol information transmission such as HARQ ACK signaling. In the caseof NPRACH, which is an uplink channel of the NB-IoT system, repetitiontransmission may be performed for coverage enhancement. In this case,repetition transmission may be performed by applying frequency hopping.

Multi-Carrier Operation of NB-IoT

Next, a multi-carrier operation of the NB-IoT will be described. Themulticarrier operation may refer to that multiple carriers set fordifferent uses (i.e., different types) are used fortransmitting/receiving channels and/or signals between the BS and/or UEin the NB-Iot.

The NB-IoT may operate in a multi-carrier mode. Here, in the NB-IoT, acarrier wave in the N-Iot may be classified as an anchor type carrier(i.e., an anchor carrier, an anchor PRB) and a non-anchor type carrier anon-anchor type carrier (i.e., non-anchor carrier).

The anchor carrier may refer to a carrier that transmits NPSS, NSSS,NPBCH, and NPDSCH for a system information block (N-SIB) for initialaccess from a point of view of the BS. That is, in NB-IoT, the carrierfor initial access may be referred to as an anchor carrier and theother(s) may be referred to as a non-anchor carrier. Here, only oneanchor carrier wave may exist in the system, or there may be a pluralityof anchor carrier waves.

Operation Mode of NB-IoT

Next, an operation mode of the NB-IoT will be described. In the NB-IoTsystem, three operation modes may be supported. FIG. 32 shows an exampleof operation modes supported in the NB-IoT system. Although theoperation mode of the NB-IoT is described herein on the basis of an LTEband, this is for convenience of explanation and may be extendedlyapplied to other system bands (e.g. NR system band).

Specifically, FIG. 32(a) shows an example of an in-band system, FIG. 32(b) shows an example of a guard-band system, and FIG. 32(c) Representsan example of a stand-alone system. In this case, the in-band system maybe expressed as an in-band mode, the guard-band system may be expressedas a guard-band mode, and the stand-alone system may be expressed in astand-alone mode.

The in-band system may refer to a system or mode that uses a specific RBin the (legacy) LTE band. The in-band system may be operated byallocating some resource blocks of the LTE system carrier.

A guard-band system may refer to a system or mode that uses NB-IoT in aspace reserved for a guard-band of the legacy LTE band. The guard-bandsystem may be operated by allocating a guard-band of an LTE carrier notused as a resource block in the LTE system. For example, the (legacy)LTE band may be configured to have a guard-band of at least 100 kHz atthe end of each LTE band, and with two non-contiguous guard-bands for200 kHz for NB-IoT may be used.

As described above, the in-band system and the guard-band system may beoperated in a structure in which NB-IoT coexists in the (legacy) LTEband.

By contrast, the stand-alone system may refer to a system or mode thatis configured independently of the legacy LTE band. The stand-alonesystem may be operated by separately allocating frequency bands (e.g.,reassigned GSM carriers in the future) used in a GERAN (GSM EDGE radioaccess network).

The three operation modes described above may be operated independentlyof each other, or two or more operation modes may be operated incombination.

NB-IoT Signal Transmission/Reception Process

FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating an example of physical channels thatmay be used for NB-IoT and a general signal transmission method usingthe same. In a wireless communication system, an NB-IoT UE may receiveinformation from a BS through a downlink (DL) and the NB-IoT UE maytransmit information to the BS through an uplink (UL). In other words,in the wireless communication system, the BS may transmit information tothe NB-IoT UE through the downlink and the BS may receive informationfrom the NB-IoT UE through the uplink.

The information transmitted/received by the BS and the NB-IoT UEincludes data and various control information, and various physicalchannels may exist depending on the type/purpose of the informationtransmitted/received by the BS and NB-IoT UE. The signaltransmission/reception method of the NB-IoT may be performed by theabove-described wireless communication devices (e.g., BS and UE).

The NB-IoT UE, which is powered on again or enters a new cell, mayperform an initial cell search operation such as adjustingsynchronization with the BS, or the like (S11). To this end, the NB-IoTUE receives NPSS and NSSS from the BS, performs synchronization with theBS, and acquires cell identity information. Also, the NB-IoT UE mayreceive the NPBCH from the BS and acquire the in-cell broadcastinformation. In addition, the NB-IoT UE may receive a DL RS (downlinkreference signal) in the initial cell search step to check a downlinkchannel state.

After completion of the initial cell search, the NB-IoT UE may receivethe NPDCCH and the corresponding NPDSCH to acquire more specific systeminformation (S12). In other words, the BS may transmit more specificsystem information by transmitting the NPDCCH and corresponding NPDSCHto the NB-IoT UE after completion of the initial cell search.

Thereafter, the NB-IoT UE may perform a random access procedure tocomplete connection to the BS (S13 to S16).

Specifically, the NB-IoT UE may transmit a preamble to the BS via theNPRACH (S13). As described above, the NPRACH may be configured to berepeatedly transmitted on the basis of frequency hopping or the like toenhance coverage or the like. In other words, the BS may (repeatedly)receive a preamble through the NPRACH from the NB-IoT UE.

Thereafter, the NB-IoT UE may receive a random access response (RAR) forthe preamble from the BS through the NPDCCH and the corresponding NPDSCH(S14). In other words, the BS may transmit the RAR for the preamble tothe NB-IoT UE through the NPDCCH and the corresponding NPDSCH.

Thereafter, the NB-IoT UE transmits the NPUSCH to the BS usingscheduling information in the RAR (S15), and may perform a contentionresolution procedure such as the NPDCCH and the corresponding NPDSCH(S16). In other words, the BS may receive the NPUSCH from the UE usingthe scheduling information in the NB-IoT RAR, and perform the contentionresolution procedure.

The NB-IoT UE that has performed the above-described process may performNPDCCH/NPDSCH reception (S17) and NPUSCH transmission (S18) as a generaluplink/downlink signal transmission process. In other words, afterperforming the above-described processes, the BS may performNPDCCH/NPDSCH transmission and NPUSCH reception as a general signaltransmission/reception process to the NB-IoT UE.

In the case of NB-IoT, as mentioned above, NPBCH, NPDCCH, NPDSCH, andthe like may be repeatedly transmitted for coverage improvement and thelike. In the case of NB-IoT, UL-SCH (i.e., general uplink data) anduplink control information may be transmitted through the NPUSCH. Here,the UL-SCH and the uplink control information (UCI) may be configured tobe transmitted through different NPUSCH formats (e.g., NPUSCH format 1,NPUSCH format 2, etc.).

Also, the UCI may include HARQ ACK/NACK (Hybrid Automatic Repeat andreQuest Acknowledgement/Negative-ACK), SR (Scheduling Request), CSI(Channel State Information), and the like. As described above, the UCIin the NB-IoT may generally be transmitted via the NPUSCH. Also, inresponse to a request/instruction from the network (e.g., BS), the UEmay transmit the UCI via the NPUSCH in a periodic, aperiodic, orsemi-persistent manner.

Hereinafter, the wireless communication system block diagram shown inFIG. 1 will be described in detail.

N. Wireless Communication Device

Referring to FIG. 1, a wireless communication system includes a firstcommunication device 910 and/or a second communication device 920. ‘Aand/or B’ may be interpreted to have the same meaning as ‘includes atleast one of A or B.’ The first communication device may represent a BSand the second communication device may represent a UE (alternatively,the first communication device may represent a UE and the secondcommunication device may represent a BS).

The first and second communication devices may include processors 911and 921, memories 914 and 924, one or more Tx/Rx RF modules 915 and 925,Tx processors 912 and 922, Rx processors 913 and 923, and antennas 916and 926, respectively. The Tx/Rx module is also called a transceiver.The processor implements the functions, procedures and/or methodsdiscussed above. More specifically, in the DL (communication from thefirst communication device to the second communication device), a higherlayer packet from the core network is provided to the processor 911. Theprocessor implements the function of a layer 2 (i.e., L2) layer. In theDL, the processor multiplexes a logical channel and a transport channel,provides radio resource allocation to the second communication device920, and is responsible for signaling to the second communicationdevice. A transmission (TX) processor 912 implements various signalprocessing functions for the L1 layer (i.e., the physical layer). Thesignal processing function facilitates forward error correction (FEC) inthe second communication device, and includes coding and interleaving.The encoded and interleaved signals are scrambled and modulated intocomplex-valued modulation symbols. For modulation, BPSK (QuadraturePhase Shift Keying), QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), 16QAM(quadrature amplitude modulation), 64QAM, 246QAM, and the like may beused. The complex-valued modulation symbols (hereinafter referred to asmodulation symbols) are divided into parallel streams, each stream beingmapped to an OFDM subcarrier and multiplexed with a reference signal(RS) in the time and/or frequency domain, and combined together usingIFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) to create a physical channelcarrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream isspatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Each spatialstream may be provided to a different antenna 916 via a separate Tx/Rxmodule (or transceiver, 915). Each Tx/Rx module may upconvert eachspatial stream into an RF carrier for transmission. In the secondcommunication device, each Tx/Rx module (or transceiver, 925) receives asignal of the RF carrier via each antenna 926 of each Tx/Rx module. EachTx/Rx module restores the RF carrier signal to a baseband signal andprovides it to the reception (RX) processor 923. The RX processorimplements various signal processing functions of the L1 (i.e., thephysical layer). The RX processor may perform spatial processing on theinformation to recover any spatial stream directed to the secondcommunication device. If multiple spatial streams are directed to thesecond communication device, they may be combined into a single OFDMAsymbol stream by multiple RX processors. The RX processor transforms theOFDM symbol stream, which is a time domain signal, into a frequencydomain signal using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domainsignal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of theOFDM signal. The modulation symbols and the reference signal on eachsubcarrier are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likelysignal constellation points sent by the first communication device.These soft decisions may be based on channel estimate values. Softdecisions are decoded and deinterleaved to recover data and controlsignals originally transmitted by the first communication device on thephysical channel. The corresponding data and control signals areprovided to the processor 921.

The UL (communication from the second communication device to the firstcommunication device) is processed in the first communication device 910in a manner similar to that described in connection with a receiverfunction in the second communication device 920. Each Tx/Rx module 925receives a signal via each antenna 926. Each Tx/Rx module provides an RFcarrier and information to RX processor 923. The processor 921 may berelated to the memory 924 that stores program code and data. The memorymay be referred to as a computer-readable medium.

FIG. 38 is a diagram illustrating a method of authenticating using amessage transmitted to an intelligent electronic device according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 38, a method of authenticating using a messagetransmitted to an intelligent electronic device according to anembodiment of the present disclosure may include a learning step S2100,an authentication step S2200, and an alarm step S2300.

In the learning step S2100, the data set for a first message receivedfrom a first external device is learned using the AI processor 21 (seeFIG. 37), and a template (Template, ID 1□s T) in which thecharacteristics of the person (way of speaking, vocabulary, tone, etc.)are modeled can be generated. The first external device may have aunique identifier ID1. The unique identifier may be a unique identifier.

The first message may be a plurality of messages previously receivedfrom the first external device. The modeled template (Template, ID 1□sT) may be a template for a user of the first external device.

The method of authenticating another person using an intelligentelectronic device may include an authenticating step (S2200). Theauthentication step uses the AI processor 21 (see FIG. 37) to model atemplate (ID 1□s T) for the user of the first external device, and whenthe second message is received from the second external device, maydetermine whether the unique identifier (ID 1) of the first externaldevice is the same as the unique identifier (ID 2) of the secondexternal device. If the unique identifier ID 1 of the first externaldevice is the same as the unique identifier ID 2 of the second externaldevice, may determine whether the user of the first external device isthe same person as the user of the second external device are comparedby comparing the modeled template with the second message.

The method of authenticating another person using the intelligentelectronic device may include an alarm step S2300. The alarm step S2300uses the AI processor 21 (see FIG. 37) to compare the template (ID 1□sT) for the user of the first external device with the second message,and if it is determined that the user of the first external device isnot the same person as the user of the second external device, an alarmnotification may be generated to inform the user (I) of the intelligentelectronic device.

FIG. 39 is a diagram for describing an example of a method ofauthenticating using a message transmitted to an intelligent electronicdevice according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 39, a method of authenticating using a messagetransmitted to an intelligent electronic device according to anembodiment of the present disclosure may include a learning step, anauthentication step, and an alarm step.

First, a first message may be received from a first external device(S2010). The intelligent electronic device may receive the first messagefrom the first external device. The intelligent electronic device may bereferred to as a mobile terminal or a portable device. The firstexternal device may be referred to as a mobile terminal or a portabledevice. The intelligent electronic device may store the first messagereceived from the first external device in the memory 25 (see FIG. 37).

The received first message may be learned and characteristics of theuser of the first external device may be extracted based on the learnedfirst message I (S2020). The intelligent electronic device may extractcharacteristics of the user of the first external device based on thelearned first message using the AI processor 21 (see FIG. 37). Forexample, the intelligent electronic device may collect and learn avocabulary, a special character, a word spacing, way of speaking of theuser of the first external device and the like that are frequently usedby the user of the first external device from the stored first message.

In addition, the intelligent electronic device may store the learnedfirst message or the characteristics of the user of the first externaldevice at each of a predetermined time. For example, the intelligentelectronic device may detect a bedtime of the user and storecharacteristics of the user of the first external device or the firstmessage learned at the detected bedtime of the user.

Thereafter, a template modeled based on the extracted characteristics ofthe user of the first external device may be generated (S2030). Theintelligent electronic device may model the template based on thecharacteristics of the user of the first external device. Theintelligent electronic device may generate a template havingcharacteristics of a user of the first external device using the AIprocessor 21 (see FIG. 37). The intelligent electronic device may updateor upgrade the template whenever the characteristic of the user of thenew first external device is extracted from the first messagetransmitted from a first person.

The second message may be received from the second external device(S2040). The intelligent electronic device may receive a second messagefrom the second external device. The second external device may bereferred to as a mobile terminal or a portable device.

It may be determined whether the unique identifier of the first externaldevice is the same as the unique identifier of the second externaldevice (S2050). When the second message is received from the secondexternal device, the intelligent electronic device may detect a uniqueidentifier of the second external device and compare it with a uniqueidentifier of the previously stored first external device. The uniqueidentifier may be a unique identifier. For example, the uniqueidentifier may be a telephone number. Here, the telephone number may bea combination of numbers or letters used to identify a user accommodatedin a communication network or to select a communication service providedby a communication network or a communication service provider.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the unique identifier ofthe first external device with the unique identifier of the secondexternal device, and determine whether they are the same.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the unique identifier ofthe first external device with the unique identifier of the secondexternal device, and if it is determined that they are different fromeach other, may extract the characteristics of the user of the secondexternal device based on the received second message. The intelligentelectronic device may generate a template for the user of the secondexternal device using the characteristics of the user of the secondexternal device (S2090). The intelligent electronic device may displaythe second message.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the unique identifier ofthe first external device with the unique identifier of the secondexternal device, and if they are determined to be the same, may comparethe received second message with a template for the user of thepreviously stored first external device.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the received secondmessage with a template of a user of the first external devicepreviously stored to determine whether the user of the first externaldevice is the same user as the user of the second external device(S2060).

If it is determined that the user of the first external device is thesame as the user of the second external device, the intelligentelectronic device may display the second message on the display unit(S2070).

In this case, the intelligent electronic device may not expose thesecond message to the user of the intelligent electronic device until itis determined that the user of the first external device is the same asthe user of the second external device. That is, the intelligentelectronic device may not display the second message on the display unituntil it is determined that the user of the first external device is thesame as the user of the second external device. Accordingly, the user ofthe intelligent electronic device can be prevented from being fraud byvoice phishing text or voice phishing message.

In contrast, when the user of the first external device is not the sameas the user of the second external device, the intelligent electronicdevice may determine the second message as the voice phishing text, orthe voice phishing message, and the message of impersonating the user ofthe first external device. In response, the intelligent electronicdevice may generate an alarm notification (S2080). Alarm notificationsmay be referred to as alarm messages or alarm text. If the intelligentelectronic device determines that the voice phishing text, the voicephishing message, or the message impersonating the user of the firstexternal device is displayed, an alarm message indicating that thereceived second message is likely to be voice phishing is displayed onthe display or dealing with it as spam text.

The intelligent electronic device may display a plurality of iconstogether with an alarm message. For example, the plurality of icons mayinclude a display icon and a delete icon. When the user of theintelligent electronic device touches the display icon, the secondmessage may be displayed on the display unit. In contrast, when the userof the intelligent electronic device touches the delete icon, the secondmessage may be immediately deleted without displaying on the displayunit.

In addition, if the user of the first external device is not the same asthe user of the second external device and thus if it is determined thatthe second message is the voice phishing text, the voice phishingmessage, or the message of impersonating the user of the first externaldevice, the intelligent electronic device may capture or copy the secondmessage and thus send it to the cyber police or voice phishingprotection homepage, and then report it as voice phishing.

FIG. 40 is a diagram for describing extracting characteristics of a userof a first external device according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 40, the intelligent electronic device may display afirst message received from the first external device.

The intelligent electronic device may extract at least onecharacteristics tp1 to tp4 of the user of the first external device fromthe contents of the first message by using the AI processor 21 (see FIG.37).

For example, assuming that the contents of the first message is “Junny,today, do u? Let's do gogo with the dew in the evening”, the AIprocessor (see FIG. 37) may extract, as the first characteristic tp1,the last letter used as the English alphabet among the words “Junny”.The AI processor 21 (refer to FIG. 37) may extract, as the secondcharacteristic tp2, the way of speaking in which the spelling of thelast word is deliberately misspelled among the sentence “today, do u?”.

The AI processor 21 (refer to FIG. 37) may extract, as the thirdcharacteristic tp3, the word meaning “alcoholic drink” expressed in“dew” among the sentences “Let's do gogo with the dew in the evening”and may extract, as the fourth characteristic (tp4), the word meaning“drinking” expressed in “gogo”.

As described above, the intelligent electronic device extracts andlearns at least one of the characteristics tp1 to tp4 of the user of thefirst external device from the content of the first message using the AIprocessor 21 (see FIG. 37), and, the template for the user of the firstexternal device may be modeled based on the learned plurality ofcharacteristics.

The intelligent electronic device may continuously learn thecharacteristics of the user of the first external device when a firstmessage is received from the first external device, thereby finding outor extracting the newly added characteristics. The newly addedcharacteristics may be updated based on a previously storedcharacteristics or may be characteristics of a new trend.

When the new characteristics is extracted or found in addition to thepreviously stored characteristic, the intelligent electronic device mayreflect it in the previously stored template for the user of the firstexternal device.

FIG. 41 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method of learningusing a message transmitted to an intelligent electronic deviceaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 41, the intelligent electronic device may store thefirst message M transmitted from the first external device, and extractand learn the characteristics of the user of the first external devicefrom the first message M.

The intelligent electronic device may collect and learn a vocabulary, aspecial character, a word spacing, and way of speaking of the user ofthe first external device that are frequently used by the user of thefirst external device from the stored first message M.

The intelligent electronic device may extract characteristics of theuser of the first external device based on the learned first message Musing the AI processor 21 (see FIG. 37). For example, thecharacteristics of the user of the first external device may be avocabulary or a word frequently used by the user of the first externaldevice or way of speaking, intonation or the like of the user of thefirst external device.

The intelligent electronic device may learn characteristics of theextracted user of the first external device to generate a template T forthe user of the first external device.

In addition, the intelligent electronic device may extract acharacteristic from all previous messages sent by the user of the firstexternal device, and periodically store the extracted characteristic ata specific time (e.g., every day at 12:00), and thus the template for Tfor the user of the first external device. may be periodically updatedbased on the stored characteristics.

In addition, the intelligent electronic device may manage the firstexternal device by using a unique identifier of the previously storedfirst external device. The unique identifier may be a telephone numberor a messenger ID. The intelligent electronic device may manage thefirst external device and the unique identifier of the first externaldevice by matching it in one-to-one (1:1).

FIG. 42 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method ofauthenticating using a message transmitted to an intelligent electronicdevice according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 42, when an intelligent electronic device receives asecond message from a second external device, the intelligent electronicdevice may compare the received second message with a template for auser of the first external device.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the received secondmessage with the template for a user of the first external device, ifthe unique identifier of the second external device that transmits thesecond message is the same as the unique identifier of the firstexternal device.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the second messagereceived from the second external device having the same uniqueidentifier as the unique identifier of the first external device havinga template for the user of the first external device, and check theirrelationship. For example, the intelligent electronic device comparesthe characteristics of the user and the second message by using thetemplate for the user of the first external device, and thus thevocabulary, special characters, the word spacing frequently used by theuser of the first external device, the way of speaking and the like ofthe user of the first external device may be detected.

In this case, when the user characteristic of the first external deviceis less than the predetermined characteristic reference range in thesecond message, an alarm signal may be displayed or recognized by theuser of the intelligent electronic device. For example, the intelligentelectronic device may have the user to be recognized by converting analarm signal to another color of the background of the chat window orprofile. For example, another color may be red.

FIG. 43 is a diagram for describing another example of a method ofauthenticating using a message transmitted to an intelligent electronicdevice according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 43, a case in which the unique identifier of the firstexternal device is different from the unique identifier of the secondexternal device may be described.

When the unique identifier of the first external device is differentfrom the unique identifier of the second external device, theintelligent electronic device may determine that the user of the firstexternal device is different from the user of the second externaldevice, and may form a template for the user of the second externaldevice.

In contrast, if the unique identifier of the first external device isdifferent from the unique identifier of the second external device, butthe user name of the first external device is the same as the user nameof the second external device, the intelligent electronic device maycompare the second message received from the second external device witha template for the user of the first external device.

If only the user name of the first external device is the same as theuser name of the second external device, and if the user of the firstexternal device is not the same person as the user of the secondexternal device, the intelligent electronic device may generate atemplate for the user of the second external device, may manage anunique identifier of the second external device by matching it in aone-to-one (1:1) manner.

FIG. 44 is a diagram for describing in detail a method of authenticatingusing a message transmitted to an intelligent electronic deviceaccording to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 44, a method of authenticating using a messagetransmitted to an intelligent electronic device according to anembodiment of the present disclosure may include a learning step, anauthentication step, and an alarm step.

First, a call may be connected through a first speech using the firstexternal device (S2011). The intelligent electronic device may beconnected to the first external device to call through the first speech.The intelligent electronic device may store the first speech, which isin communication with the first external device in the memory 25 (seeFIG. 37).

The stored first speech may be learned, and characteristics of the userof the first external device may be extracted based on the learned firstspeech (S2021). The intelligent electronic device may extractcharacteristics of the user of the first external device based on thelearned first speech using the AI processor 21 (see FIG. 37). Forexample, the intelligent electronic device may collect and learn avocabulary, intonation, dialect, way of speaking and the like of theuser of the first external device that are frequently used by the userof the first external device from the stored first speech.

In addition, the intelligent electronic device may store the learnedfirst speech or characteristics of the user of the first external deviceat each of a predetermined time. For example, the intelligent electronicdevice may detect a bedtime of the user and store the learned firstspeech or characteristics of the user of the first external device atthe detected bedtime of the user.

Thereafter, a template modeled based on the extracted characteristics ofthe user of the first external device may be generated (S2031). Theintelligent electronic device may model the template based on thecharacteristics of the user of the first external device. Theintelligent electronic device may generate a template havingcharacteristics of the user of the first external device using the AIprocessor 21 (see FIG. 37). The intelligent electronic device may updateor upgrade the template whenever the characteristic of the user of thenew first external device is extracted from the first speech transmittedfrom a first person.

The call may be connected in the second speech using the second externaldevice (S2041). The intelligent electronic device may be connected tothe second external device to make a call connection in the secondspeech.

It may be determined whether the unique identifier of the first externaldevice is the same as the unique identifier of the second externaldevice (S2051). If the intelligent electronic device makes a callconnection with the second external device in the second speech, theintelligent electronic device may detect the unique identifier of thesecond external device and compare it with the unique identifier of thepreviously stored first external device. The unique identifier may be aUnique Identifier. For example, the unique identifier may be a telephonenumber. Here, the telephone number may be a combination of numbers orletters used to identify a user accommodated in a communication networkor to select a communication service provided by a communication networkor a communication service provider.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the unique identifier ofthe first external device with the unique identifier of the secondexternal device, and may determine whether they are the same.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the unique identifier ofthe first external device with the unique identifier of the secondexternal device, and if it is determined that they are different fromeach other, may extract the characteristics of the user of the secondexternal device based on the second speech connected to the call. Theintelligent electronic device may generate the template for the user ofthe second external device using the characteristics of the user of thesecond external device (S2091). The intelligent electronic device maymake a call connection with the second external device.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the unique identifier ofthe first external device with the unique identifier of the secondexternal device, and if it is determined that they are the same, maycompare the second speech that the second speech connected to the callwith the template for the user of the previously stored first externaldevice.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the second speechconnected to the call with the template for the user of the previouslystored first external device to determine whether the user of the firstexternal device is the same user as the user of the second externaldevice (S2061).

If it is determined that the user of the first external device is thesame as the user of the second external device, the intelligentelectronic device may make a call connection with the second externaldevice (S2071).

In contrast, if the user of the first external device is not the same asthe user of the second external device, the intelligent electronicdevice may determine it as the voice phishing impersonating the user ofthe first external device. In response, the intelligent electronicdevice may generate an alarm notification (S2081).

If it is determined as the voice phishing impersonating the user of thefirst external device, the intelligent electronic device may forciblyterminate the connection with the second external device connected tothe call.

In addition, since the user of the first external device is not the sameas the user of the second external device, if the intelligent electronicdevice determines it as the voice phishing impersonating the user of thefirst external device, the intelligent police device may send the textor message subject to the phishing to the cyber police or voice phishingprotection homepage, and then report it as voice phishing.

FIG. 45 is a diagram for describing a method of authenticating anotherperson by detecting an intonation of a user according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 45, the intelligent electronic device may compare theunique identifier of the first external device with the uniqueidentifier of the second external device, and if it is determined thatthey are the same, may compare the second speech connected to the callwith the template for the user of the first external device.

The template for the user of the first external device may include afrequency of a voice for the user of the first external device. Thevoice frequency for the user may be referred to as the frequency of thefirst speech.

The intelligent electronic device may detect a frequency of the secondspeech when the call is connected in the second speech using the secondexternal device. The frequency of the second speech may be a voicefrequency for the user of the second external device.

The intelligent electronic device may compare the frequency of thesecond speech with the frequency of the first speech, and if thefrequency of the second speech is the same as the frequency of the firstspeech, it may determine that the user of the first external device isthe same person as the user of the second external device

In contrast, the intelligent electronic device may compare the frequencyof the second speech with the frequency of the first speech, and if thefrequency of the second speech is not the same as the frequency of thefirst speech, it may determine that the user of the first externaldevice that is not the same person as the user of the second externaldevice.

As mentioned above, a method of authenticating using a messagetransmitted to the intelligent electronic device according to anembodiment of the present disclosure is to find out the person'scharacteristics (way of speaking, vocabulary, tone, etc.) by learning amessage or speech information of another person and to authenticate theactual party against the characteristics previously known, when amessage or speech has been sent in the name of a person later, therebyhaving an effect of capable of preventing fraud that impersonates auser's acquaintance.

In addition, the method of authenticating using the message transmittedto the intelligent electronic device according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure can prevent the actual impersonation fraud throughanother person's account by extorting another person's mobile phone ormessenger account.

In addition, the method of authenticating using the intelligentelectronic device and the message transmitted to the intelligentelectronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosurehas the effect of preventing the impersonate fraud through anothersimilar accounts by finding out a user's name or other person's name andhuman relation information (or contact information).

In addition, the method of authenticating using the intelligentelectronic device and the message transmitted to the intelligentelectronic device according to an embodiment of the present disclosureis to find out the person's characteristics (way of speaking,vocabulary, tone, etc.) by finding out a message or speech informationof another person and to authenticate the actual party against thecharacteristics previously known, when a message or speech has been sentin the name of a person later, thereby capable of supplementing thedisadvantages of the existing notification method of the overseas IPusage account which is disabled in case of the domestic IP usageaccount.

The present disclosure described above may be implemented as acomputer-readable code in a medium in which a program is recorded. Thecomputer-readable medium includes any type of recording device in whichdata that can be read by a computer system is stored. Thecomputer-readable medium may be, for example, a hard disk drive (HDD), asolid state disk (SSD), a silicon disk drive (SDD), a ROM, a RAM, aCD-ROM, a magnetic tape, a floppy disk, an optical data storage device,and the like. The computer-readable medium also includes implementationsin the form of carrier waves (e.g., transmission via the Internet).Also, the computer may include the controller 180 of the terminal. Thus,the foregoing detailed description should not be interpreted limitedlyin every aspect and should be considered to be illustrative. The scopeof the present invention should be determined by reasonableinterpretations of the attached claims and every modification within theequivalent range are included in the scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An authentication method using a message sent toan intelligent electronic device, the method comprising: receiving, bythe intelligent electronic device, a first message from a first externaldevice; learning, by the intelligent electronic device, the receivedfirst message and extracting characteristics on a user of the firstexternal device based on the learned first message; generating, by theintelligent electronic device, a template for the user of the firstexternal device modeled based on the extracted characteristics on theuser of the first external device; receiving, by the intelligentelectronic device, a second message from a second external device;determining, by the intelligent electronic device, whether a uniqueidentifier of the first external device is the same as a uniqueidentifier of the second external device; comparing, by the intelligentelectronic device, the second message with the template to determinewhether the user of the first external device is the same person as theuser of the second external device, when the unique identifier of thefirst external device is the same as the unique identifier of the secondexternal device; and in response to determining that the user of thefirst external device is the same as the user of the second externaldevice, displaying the second message on a display unit, wherein theintelligent electronic device does not expose the second message to theuser of the intelligent electronic device until determining that theuser of the first external device is the same as the user of the secondexternal device.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising generatingan alarm notification to a user of the intelligent electronic device,when the user of the first external device is not the same as the userof the second external device.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein in theextracting the characteristics on the user of the first external device,at least one of a vocabulary, a special character and a word spacingused by the user of the first external device, and way of speaking ofthe user of the first external device in the first message is collectedand extracted.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in the extracting thecharacteristics on the user of the first external device, the firstmessage or the characteristics of the user of the first external deviceis stored at each of a predetermined time.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein in the generating the template modeled based on thecharacteristics on the user of the first external device, the templateis generated or updated after the first message and the characteristicsof the user of the first external device are stored.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein when the unique identifier of the first external deviceis not the same as the unique identifier of the second external device,the received second message is learned and characteristics of the userof the second external device is extracted based on the learned secondmessage to generate a template for the user of the second externaldevice.
 7. A method of authenticating using a message transmitted to anintelligent electronic device, the method comprising: calling in, by theintelligent electronic device, a first speech using the first externaldevice; storing, by the intelligent electronic device, the first speechin a call to learn the first speech, and extracting characteristics on auser of the first external device based on the learned first speech;generating, by the intelligent electronic device, a template for a userof the first external device modeled based on the extractedcharacteristics of the user of the first external device; calling in, bythe intelligent electronic device, a second speech using a secondexternal device; determining, by the intelligent electronic device,whether a unique identifier of the first external device is the same asa unique identifier of the second external device; comparing, by theintelligent electronic device, the second speech with the template todetermine whether the user of the first external device is the sameperson as the user of the second external device, when the uniqueidentifier of the first external device is the same as the uniqueidentifier of the second external device; and in response to determiningthat the user of the first external device is the same as the user ofthe second external device, displaying the second speech on a displayunit, wherein the intelligent electronic device does not expose thesecond speech to the user of the intelligent electronic device untildetermining that the user of the first external device is the same asthe user of the second external device.
 8. The method of claim 7,further comprising generating an alarm notification to a user of theintelligent electronic device, when the user of the first externaldevice is not the same as the user of the second external device.
 9. Themethod of claim 7, wherein in the extracting the characteristics on theuser of the first external device, at least one of intonation, accent,tone and way of speaking of the user of the first external device in thefirst speech is collected and extracted.
 10. The method of claim 7,wherein in the extracting the characteristics on the user of the firstexternal device, the first speech or the characteristics of the user ofthe first external device is stored at each of a predetermined time. 11.The method of claim 10, wherein in the generating the template modeledbased on the characteristics on the user of the first external device,the template is generated or updated after the first speech and thecharacteristics on the user of the first external device are stored. 12.The method of claim 7, wherein when the unique identifier of the firstexternal device is not the same as the unique identifier of the secondexternal device, the called and stored second speech is learned andcharacteristics of the user of the second external device are extractedbased on the learned second speech to generate a template for the userof the second external device.
 13. An intelligent electronic device,comprising: a communication unit configured to receive a first messageof a user of a first external device or a second message of a user of asecond external device; a display unit configured to display the firstmessage or the second message received from communication unit; and acontroller configured to: control learning the received first message,and control extracting characteristics on a user of the first externaldevice based on the learned first message and generating a templatemodeled based on the characteristics on the user of the first externaldevice, wherein the controller is further configured to controlcomparing the second message with the template to determine whether theuser of the first external device is the same person as the user of thesecond external device, when the unique identifier of the first externaldevice is the same as the unique identifier of the second externaldevice, wherein the controller is further configured to control theintelligent electronic device to display the second message on thedisplay unit in response to determining that the user of the firstexternal device is the same as the user of the second external device,and wherein the intelligent electronic device does not expose the secondmessage to the user of the intelligent electronic device untildetermining that the user of the first external device is the same asthe user of the second external device.
 14. The intelligent electronicdevice of claim 13, wherein the controller controls providing an alarmnotification to a user of the intelligent electronic device, when theuser of the first external device is not the same as the user of thesecond external device.
 15. The intelligent electronic device of claim13, wherein the controller controls collecting at least one of avocabulary, a special character and a word spacing used by the user ofthe first external device, and way of speaking of the user of the firstexternal device in the first message to extract the characteristics onthe user of the first external device.
 16. The intelligent electronicdevice of claim 13, wherein the controller controls storing the firstmessage or the characteristics of the user of the first external deviceat each of a predetermined time.
 17. The intelligent electronic deviceof claim 16, wherein the controller controls generating or updating thetemplate is after the first message and the characteristics of the userof the first external device is stored.
 18. The intelligent electronicdevice of claim 13, when the unique identifier of the first externaldevice is not the same as the unique identifier of the second externaldevice, the controller controls learning the received second message andextracting characteristics on the user of the second external devicebased on the learned second message to generate a template for the userof the second external device.
 19. An intelligent electronic device,comprising: a communication unit configured to receive a first messageof a user of a first external device or a second message of a user of asecond external device; and a controller configured to: control storingthe first speech in a call to learn the first speech, extractingcharacteristics on a user of the first external device based on thelearned first speech, and generating a template modeled based on theextracted characteristics of the user of the first external device,wherein the controller is further configured to: control comparing thesecond speech with the template to determine whether the user of thefirst external device is the same person as the user of the secondexternal device, when the unique identifier of the first external deviceis the same as the unique identifier of the second external device,wherein the controller is further configured to control the intelligentelectronic device to display the second speech on a display unit inresponse to determining that the user of the first external device isthe same as the user of the second external device, and wherein theintelligent electronic device does not expose the second speech to theuser of the intelligent electronic device until determining that theuser of the first external device is the same as the user of the secondexternal device.
 20. The intelligent electronic device of claim 19,wherein the controller controls providing an alarm notification to auser of the intelligent electronic device, when the user of the firstexternal device is not the same as the user of the second externaldevice.
 21. The intelligent electronic device of claim 19, wherein thecontroller controls collecting at least one of intonation, accent, toneand way of speaking of the user of the first external device in thefirst speech to extract the characteristics of the first externaldevice.
 22. The intelligent electronic device of claim 19, wherein thecontroller controls storing the first speech or the characteristics ofthe first external device at each of a predetermined time.
 23. Theintelligent electronic device of claim 22, wherein the controllercontrols generating or updating the template after the first speech andthe characteristics of the first external device is stored.
 24. Theintelligent electronic device of claim 20, wherein when the uniqueidentifier of the first external device is not the same as the uniqueidentifier of the second external device, the controller controlslearning the called and stored second speech and extractingcharacteristics on the user of the second external device based on thelearned second speech to generate a template for the user of the secondexternal device.